共享资源:全景自由/亞洲

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全景自由
非洲‌美洲‌亞洲‌欧洲‌大洋洲‌Others

此頁面提供了亞洲不同國家或地區的全景規則自由概述。它是從各個頁面部分嵌入的，給出了每個地區的規則。

亚洲国家

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Afghanistan

阿富汗

 不可以，2008年的 "支持作者、作曲家、艺术家和研究人员权利的法律（版权法）"没有包含全景自由的条款。第39-44条规定的例外情况都没有包含允许自由使用可在公共空间发现的建筑和艺术作品的图像的条款。

第39条允许 "仅用于个人使用 "的已出版作品的复制品。第40条只允许为教学目的非商业性地使用作品的摘录。第42条是一个接近的条款，允许 "新闻或其他信息媒体 "发表 "向公众公开展示的作品，但必须明确标明作者姓名"，但作品的类型仅限于 "演讲、讲座以及法律诉讼或类似作品"，而不是建筑作品或法规。

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP United Arab Emirates

阿拉伯联合酋长国

 不可以 {{NoFoP-UAE}}

Note: Please tag Emirati no-FoP deletion requests: <noinclude>[[Category:United Arab Emirates FOP cases/pending]]</noinclude>

There is no usable FoP provision in the copyright law of the UAE (Federal Law #1 of 1972, Federal Law #15 of 1980, Federal Law #40 of 1992, and Federal Law (32) 2006). UAE copyright law as of 2006 discusses an FoP like provision, but it is restricted to "broadcasts".

  • The author must not prohibit a third person from performing one of the following acts ... Presenting fine arts, applied and plastic arts or architectural works in broadcasting programmes, if such works are permanently present in public places.[7/2002 Article 22.7]

See Commons talk:Freedom of panorama/Archive 6#Update: UAE FoP situation under dispute for a discussion on FoP in the UAE.

Note: "Copyright protection expires 50 years after the death of the original author (who may be the architect, sculptor, or muralist) of a public artistic work of the United Arab Emirates. On January 1st of the following year (ie. January 1 of the 51st Year), freely-licensed images of the author's sculptures, buildings, murals, or monuments are now free and can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. The lack of Freedom of Panorama is no longer relevant here for sovereign states with no formal FOP legal rights since the author's works are now copyright free."

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Oman

阿曼

 不可以 Under Royal Decree No. 65/2008, protected works include "Works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, lithography, printing on fabric, wood or metals, and any similar works in fine arts.[2008 Article 2(g)] Article 20, which covers Free Uses of Works, makes no exemption for freedom of panorama.[2008 Article 20]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Azerbaijan

阿塞拜疆

 不可以, non-commercial only: {{NoFoP-Azerbaijan}} According to the Copyright law of 1996 as amended up to Law No. 636-IVQD of April 30, 2013,

  • The following shall be permitted without the consent of the author ... to reproduce, in order to present current events by means of photography or cinematography, broadcasting, cablecasting or other public communication of works seen or heard in the course of such events to the extent justified by the informational purpose.[636-IVQD/2013 Article 19.4]
  • The reproduction, or public communication of architectural works, photographic works and works of fine art permanently located in a public place shall be permissible without the author's or other copyright owner’s consent and without paying author’s remuneration, except where the presentation of the work constitutes the main feature of the said reproduction, or public communication, if it is used for commercial purposes.[636-IVQD/2013 Article 20]

Per Commons:Licensing, noncommercial licensing is not allowed on Wikimedia Commons, hence "not OK".

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Egypt

埃及

可以甚至可用于2D艺术作品。{{FoP-Egypt}}

According to Article 171 of Law No. 82 of 2002:

  • Without prejudice to the moral rights of the author, pursuant to the provisions of the law herein, the author may not prevent third parties, after the publication of his work, from undertaking any of the following acts: ...[82/2002 Article 171]
  • Make a single copy of the work for one's exclusive personal use, provided that such a copy shall not hamper the normal exploitation of the work nor cause undue prejudice to the legitimate interests of the author or copyright holders;
However, the author or his successor may, after the publication of the work, prevent third parties from carrying out any of the following acts without his authorization:
  • Reproduction or copying works of fine, applied or plastic arts, unless they were displayed in a public place, or works of architecture; ...[82/2002 Article 171(2)]

By expressly denying the copyright holder the ability to enforce his copyright on works "displayed in a public place, or works of architecture" freedom of panorama for these items is implied. "Applied art" means art incorporated into useful articles. Plastic arts are three dimensional artworks. Fine arts are painting, photography, and sculpture, so Egypt's FOP is relatively broad, covering everything except text.

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Pakistan

巴基斯坦

可以 {{FoP-Pakistan}}

According to the Copyright Ordinance, 1962 as amended by Copyright (Amendment) Ordinance, 2000, "The following acts shall not constitute an infringement of copyright ... the making or publishing of a painting, drawing, engraving or photograph of a sculpture or other artistic work if such work is permanently situated in a public place or any premises to which the public has access.[XXXIV/2000 Section 57(s)]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Bahrain

巴林

 不可以 {{NoFoP-Bahrain}}, Only non-commercial use is allowed. Under Law No. 22 of 2006,

  • It shall be permissible, without a permission from the author and without payment of a compensation but subject to the condition of mentioning the author’s name, to transmit works of fine, applied, plastic or architectural arts to the public through radio broadcasts for non-commercial purposes if such works are permanently displayed at public places.[22/2006 Article 25]
  • Copyright expires after 70 calendar years from the death of author or last surviving author (Joint work).[22/2006 Article 37–38]
文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Bhutan

不丹

 不可以。在2001年不丹王国版权法中没有有关全景自由的规定。

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP North Korea

朝鮮民主主義人民共和國

可以：{{FoP-North Korea}}

根據朝鮮民主主義人民共和國著作權法（經2006年2月1日第1532號法令修正），在公共場所使用受版權保護的作品時，未經許可，不得使用受版權保護的作品……已復制。[1532/2006 Article 32.8]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP South Korea

大韩民国

 不可以，僅限非商業用途，用於藝術作品、建築和照片。{{NoFoP-South Korea}}

注意：請標記韓國no-FoP刪除請求：<noinclude>[[Category:South Korean FOP cases/pending]]</noinclude>
根據版權法（由2007年6月29日第8101號法修訂）， ：第35條（藝術品等的展覽或複制）， (1) 藝術作品、建築作品、攝影作品（以下簡稱藝術作品等）原件的持有人或者經持有人同意的人，可以在其原始形式：提供，藝術作品在街道、公園、建築物的外部或其他向公眾開放的地方永久展出的，不適用。

(2)第1款的但書所指的在任何時候都在開放場所展出的藝術作品等可以通過任何方式複制和使用：提供在以下任何一種情況下，同樣不適用：
  1. 一個建築被複製到另一個建築中；
  2. 將一件雕塑或繪畫複製到另一件雕塑或繪畫中；
  3. 根據第1款的限制條件，複製是為了在開放場所永久展示；
  4. 複製是為了銷售其副本。
(3)根據第1款展示藝術品等的人，或打算出售藝術品等原件的人，可以以說明或介紹為目的，以小冊子的形式複制和分發它們 他們。
(4)未經委託人同意，不得使用委託製作的肖像或類似攝影作品。

這允許任何永久安裝在開放場所的作品的複制，35.(2).4明確指出該規則不適用於複製是為了出售其複製品的目的。複製在第2.(22)條中被定義為“……通過印刷、照相、複印、錄音或錄像或其他方式在有形媒體上進行固定或複制”。不得在公共場所出售藝術作品的複製品，例如不得出售以藝術作品為主的明信片、日曆、照片集等。[1]

例外

可以用於非建築結構（如橋樑、水壩、隧道等）

版權法第4條中未提及非建築結構，因此它們在韓國沒有版權。對於韓國非建築結構的照片，請使用{{PD-structure|KOR}}。

参见Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Yi Sun-sin Bridge

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP East Timor

東帝汶

 可能不行1982年印度尼西亞版權法第12條中的一些文章可能與此主題相關：

  1. 第14條 - 如果完全引用了來源，以下內容不應被視為侵犯版權： ... f.基於技術實施的考慮，修改任何建築工程，例如建築施工；
  2. 第22條 - 除非著作權人與照片、繪畫、素描、建築作品、雕塑和其他藝術品等形式的創作作品的所有人另有約定，所有人有權在未經著作權人同意的情況下享有 在公開展覽中展示或者復制在目錄中，如果該藝術品是肖像形式，則不符合第十八條和第十九條的規定。

The previous law applicable for East Timor, the 1982 Indonesian Copyright Law, did not provide a suitable freedom of panorama for free uses of images of copyrighted artistic works and architecture in public spaces.

Under the new Code of Copyright and Related Rights (2022), a freedom of panorama legal right is provided that is apparently based on Portuguese model:

  • The use of works, such as, for example, works of architecture or sculpture, made to be kept permanently in public places;
  • Original (Portuguese) text: A utilização de obras, como, por exemplo, obras de arquitetura ou escultura, feitas para serem mantidas permanentemente em locais públicos;[2022/Article 129(2)(o)]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Russia

俄罗斯

俄羅斯聯邦民法典第四部分第1276條規定：[2]

  • 自由使用永久位於自由開放的地方的工作
    。未經作者或其他版權持有人同意或支付版稅，永久位於自由開放的地方的視覺藝術或攝影作品，除非是作品的描繪，否則應允許複製、廣播到空中或通過電纜這種方式複制的基本對象，或者將作品的描繪用於商業目的。
    允許自由使用、複製、廣播或通過有線方式傳播位於自由開放場所或從該場所可見的建築、城市發展、園林和景觀設計作品。

在與俄羅斯維基媒體協商後添加的建築、城市發展以及花園和景觀設計作品的全景自由例外已於2014年10月1日隨民法修正案生效。[3]

關於非建築藝術作品，對於非商業用途仍有版權例外，但非商業用途僅限於不允許在共享資源上使用 和不幸的是，我們沒有足夠數量的法院判決來澄清情況。一項重要的法院判決指出，展示照片的複制不是二維 3D 對象的創建。 參見Commons:Форум/Архив/2010#Судебное решение о фотографиях трёхмерных объектов中的討論。

  • An important court decision states that the copying of a showcase photo is not a creation of a 3D-object in 2 dimensions. See discussion at Commons:Форум/Архив/2010#Судебное решение о фотографиях трёхмерных объектов.
  • A recent court case (2019–21) regarding a Yekaterinburg sculpture used commercially by a postcard company concluded in the Supreme Court, which overturned the decisions of the lower courts and returned the case to the court of first instance that denied the sculptor's copyright infringement claim. The latter court ruled that the monument was only reproduced in one of the postcards in a set, making it not the main subject of the entire postcard set.[4]

在2008年1月1日前，全景自由受类似（但并不相同）的俄罗斯著作权法第21条管制。[5]

版權保護在原作者（定義為創作者或設計者）去世後70年到期。 次年的1月1日（即第71年的1月1日），作者的3D作品（例如雕塑或紀念碑）的自由許可圖像現在自由並可上傳到共享資源。對於沒有正式全景自由的州來說，缺乏全景自由在這裡不再相關，因為作者的作品現在是無版權的。

目前不清楚克里米亚地区受版权保护的建筑物受俄罗斯还是限制更严格的乌克兰法律管理。基于共享资源预防性原则，显然非自由的克里米亚建筑物的图片不应上传至共享资源。请参见Commons:Village_pump/Copyright/Archive/2014/09#Buildings_in_Crimea。无论如何，1954年2月19日之前在克里米亚境内创作的摄影作品受俄罗斯法律保护。

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Philippines

菲律賓

 不可以 for majority of the works of art.

{{NoFoP-Philippines}}

Note: Please tag Philippine no-FoP deletion requests: <noinclude>[[Category:Philippine FOP cases/pending]]</noinclude>

There is no provision in any of the exceptions listed under Chapter VIII ("Limitations on copyright") of the IP Code of the Philippines (Act No. 8293) (2015 Edition) allowing images of copyrighted architectural and artistic works to be made and/or distributed for commercial purposes, such as post cards, stamps, calendars, advertising materials, and T-shirt printing.[8293/2015 Chapter VIII Section 184–190]

According to the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines, street art is "qualifiable for copyright protection" per the copyright law. Accordingly, the artists "enjoy economic rights, which involves generation of profit from others' use, reproduction, or any transformation of their work for commercial purposes. Another right enjoyed by a copyright holder are moral rights or the rights of an author to proper attribution, to make any alterations on his or her works, to withhold or deny publication, and to object to any modifications or mutilation to his or her work."[6]

Section 184 of Chapter VIII provides the following acts as not constituting copyright infringement:[8293/2015 Chapter VIII Section 184.1]

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None of these provisions are strictly free enough for Wikimedia Commons. In particular, fair use is not allowed on Wikimedia Commons, and licensing limited to noncommercial uses is not allowed either.

Recent developments

See meta:Pilipinas Panorama Community/Freedom of Panorama#Recent developments for the recent developments concerning the attempt to introduce freedom of panorama in the country.

Public domain exceptions for FoP-reliant works

可以: Buildings completed prior to November 14, 1972: {{PD-Philippines-FoP work}}. The previous copyright laws, the Spanish Law on Intellectual Property (1879)[7] and Act No. 3134 (1924, which followed the U.S. copyright law),[8] did not protect buildings. On November 14, 1972, Presidential Decree No. 49 took effect which formally protected works of architecture and made works copyright-protected upon creation, removing copyright registration formalities.[9] See also the following discussions: Commons:Village pump/Copyright/Archive/2020/08#Philippine buildings before 1972 and Commons:Village pump/Copyright/Archive/2021/06#Philippine buildings from 1951–1972 - anew.

可以: Artistic works (e.g. sculptures) made before 1972 that were not registered, and artistic works made before 1942 that were once registered but not renewed: {{PD-Philippines-FoP work}}. Act No. 3134, the then-prevailing copyright law,[8] required registration and a notice for a work to be copyright-protected. Such requirements were removed by Presidential Decree No. 49 s. 1972. Works were considered not protected by copyright unless these were registered, and the term of copyright was 30 years from the date of registration. See also Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Bonifacio National Monument (Caloocan City)#Files in Category:Bonifacio National Monument (Caloocan City) 2.

可以: literary texts on commemorative markers from the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) and its predecessors: {{WorkDepicted-PD-PhilippinesGov}}. See also this deletion request.

General copyright term for all architectural and artistic works: Copyright protection expires 50 years after the death of the original or last-surviving author (whether the architect, sculptor, painter, or other artist). On January 1st of the following year (ie. January 1 of the 51st Year), freely licensed images of the author's 3D works such as sculptures, buildings, bridges or monuments are now free and can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. The lack of Philippine freedom of panorama is no longer relevant here since the author's works are now copyright free.


文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Georgia

格鲁吉亚共和国

 不可以 Images cannot be used if a protected work is the main subject or it is used for commercial purposes.

It shall be permitted to reproduce or communicate to the public without the consent of the author or other copyright holder and without remuneration thereof images of works of architecture, photography, and fine arts permanently displayed in public places, except for the cases when the image of a work is the main object for such reproduction or communication to the public, or is used for commercial purposes.[2112-IIS/2017 Article 24]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Kazakhstan

哈萨克斯坦

 不可以 Only incidental, non-commercial use is allowed.

It shall be allowed, without consent of the author or owner of the right and without paying out royalties, to reproduce, to broadcast and (or) communicate for general information via cable of works of architecture, photography, fine arts, that are permanently located in the place open for free access, except for cases when the image of the work is the main object of such reproduction, broadcasting and (or) communication for general information via cable, or when the image of the work is used for commercial purposes. [419/2015 Article 21]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Kyrgyzstan

吉尔吉斯斯坦

 Not OK: Non-commercial use only

  • Copyright does not prevent reporting of current events by means of photography, broadcasting or communication to the public by cable, with the works that are seen or heard in the course of such events, to the extent justified by the purpose of reproduction or communication of information.[2017 Article 19(5)]
  • The law allows free use of works permanently located in public places by reproduction, broadcasting or cable communication to the public without the author's consent and without payment of royalties, including works of art, photography and architecture, except when the work is the main subject of the reproduction, broadcasting or cable communication to the public or the reproduction is used for commercial purposes.[2017 Article 21]
文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Cambodia

柬埔寨

 不可以, only incidental ("not the main subject") inclusion is allowed. {{NoFoP-Cambodia}}

Cambodian copyright law does provide some form of freedom of panorama, but does not allow if the artistic works become the main subject of the subsequent reproduction (that is, further depictions). The "principle" on the English version is likely a typographical error, as "principle" is not used as an adjective in the English language. More likely, it should have been "principal".

  • "If there is a clear indication of the author's name and the source of work, the following acts are not subjected to any prohibitions by the author: ... The reproduction of graphic or plastic work which is situated in the public place, when this reproduction doesn't constitute the principle [sic] subject for subsequent reproduction."[2003 Article 25]

Note: "Copyright protection expires 50 years after the death of the original author (who may be the architect, sculptor, or muralist) of a public artistic work of Cambodia.[2003 Article 30] On January 1st of the following year (ie. January 1 of the 51st Year), freely-licensed images of the author's sculptures, buildings, murals, or monuments are now free and can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. The lack of Freedom of Panorama is no longer relevant here for sovereign states with no formal FOP legal rights since the author's works are now copyright free."

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Qatar

卡塔尔

 不可以。卡塔尔法律中没有任何提及全景自由的条款。

(1) using the work exclusively for personal use, through reproduction, translation, quotation, musical arrangement, acting, broadcast listening, television viewing, photography or by any other means; [7/2002 Article 18]

(2) using the work by way of illustration for teaching, through publications, broadcasts, sound or visual recordings, films or by any other means, to the extent justified by the purpose, provided that the use is non­profit making and the source and the name of the author are indicated. [7/2002 Article 18]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Kuwait

科威特

 Not OK: {{NoFoP-Kuwait}}. Chapter V Limitations and Exceptions to Copyright and Related Rights (Articles 31 to 33) does not include an exemption that would allow pictures of artwork or buildings in public places to be made for commercial use.[75/2019 Chapter V]

See also Commons:Village pump/Copyright/Archive/2020/11#Kuwait and FOP for the latest in-depth discussion regarding the freedom of panorama status of Kuwait.

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Laos

老撾

 不可以。關於知識產權的2017年11月15日第38/NA號法律僅允許偶然使用：
  • “通過攝影或電影複製美術作品、照片和其他藝術作品以及實用藝術作品的圖像，前提是這些作品已經出版、公開展示或向公眾傳播，如果這種複制是附屬於攝影或電影作品，而不是攝影或電影作品的對象。”[38/NA/2017第115.3條]
  • “為了通過攝影、攝影、廣播或通過有線方式向公眾傳播時事，在事件過程中看到或聽到的文學或藝術作品，在信息目的合理的範圍內，可以轉載並向公眾提供。上述行為不得與作品的正常利用相衝突，不得無故損害作者的合法權益。”[38/NA/2017第115條]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Lebanon

黎巴嫩

 不可以, for use by media only. {{NoFoP-Lebanon}}

Law No. 75 of 1999 on the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property says:

  • The media shall be permitted, without the authorization of the author and without obligation to pay him compensation, to publish pictures of architectural works, visual artistic works, photographic works or works of applied art, provided that such works are available in places open to the public.[75/1999 Article 31]

This limits freedom of panorama to the media, and so excludes other commercial use.

Note that "media" here refers to those engaged in news and information only, making Lebanese freedom of panorama insufficient for Wikimedia Commons. The French translation uses a more restrictive term that translates to English as "information agencies". See Commons talk:Freedom of panorama/Archive 1#Lebanon for a discussion on this.

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Maldives

馬爾代夫

 不可以. The relevant section of the The Copyright & Related Rights Act (Law 23 of 2010), "Section 17: Reproduction, broadcasting and other communication to the public for informatory purposes" does not contain any language that indicates freedom of panorama.[23/2010 Section 17]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Malaysia

馬來西亞

可以 {{FoP-Malaysia}}

根據1987年馬來西亞版權法，控制權不包括在任何藝術作品的複製品的複制和分發中，這些複製品永久位於公眾可以觀看的地方。[332/ 2006 Section 13(2)(d)]Section 3將藝術作品定義為任何圖形作品、照片、雕塑、拼貼畫以及建築或藝術工藝作品。集成電路布圖設計不是藝術作品。

有關藝術工藝作品一詞的含義，請參閱聯合王國–全景自由。

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Mongolia

蒙古國

 不可以 {{NoFoP-Mongolia}}. The Mongolian copyright law does not provide freedom of panorama. Instead, it only allows incidental inclusion of works in public spaces for reporting purposes. It also provides conditions that are similar to United States fair use conditions.

Under the Law of Mongolia on Copyright and Related Rights (as last amended on January 19, 2006),

  • It is allowed to publish works of architecture, fine arts and photography located in public places in order to show the surrounding areas of events while reporting the events to the public.[2006 Article 24.1.6]
  • But the following conditions shall be considered in determining the circumstances provided in Section 24.1 of this law: To have a non-profit purpose; The extent of use and the importance of the used parts; The value of the work and the effect of the used part on the market.[2006 Article 24.2]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Bangladesh

孟加拉國

可以 建筑、雕塑和艺术工艺品：{{FoP-Bangladesh}}

 Not OK for other types of artistic works.

According to the 2000 Copyright Act of Bangladesh, copyright is not infringed by,

  • The making or publishing of a painting, drawing, engraving or photograph of architecture or the display of a work of architecture.[28/2000 Section 72(19)];
  • The making or publishing of painting, drawing, engraving or photograph of a sculpture or other artistic work falling under section 36(c), if such work is permanently situated in a public place or any premises to which the public has access.[28/2000 Section 72(20)];
  • The inclusion in a cinematograph film of (i) any artistic work permanently situated in a public place or any premises to which the public has access; or ii) any other artistic work, if such inclusion is only by way of background or is otherwise incidental to the principal matters represented in the film.[28/2000 Section 72(21)];

Under 2000 Copyright Act of Bangladesh, the "artistic works" are enumerated as: (a) a painting, a sculpture, a drawing (including a diagram, map, chart or plan), an engraving or a photograph whether or not any such work possesses artistic quality; (b) a work of architecture; and (c) any other work of artistic craftsmanship.[28/2000 Section 2(36)] Thus the Bangladeshi freedom of panorama only applies to works of architecture, sculptures, and works of artistic craftsmanship "permanently situated in a public place or any premises to which the public has access."

As expected in most of the former British colonies, the Bangladeshi law is modelled on UK law, and in the absence of any specific case law to the contrary it is reasonable to assume that the rules will be similar. See the COM:FOP United Kingdom for more details.

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP မြန်မာပြည်

Template:မြန်မာပြည်

Commons:Copyright rules by territory/မြန်မာပြည်
文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Nepal

尼泊爾

 不可以。尼泊尔没有全景自由。[8/2002 Section 20]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Japan

日本

  • 艺术作品： 不可以 {{NoFoP-Japan}}除了第46条规定的特例。
  • 仅限建筑物： 可以 {{FoP-Japan}}

注意：請標記日本no-FoP公共藝術刪除請求：<noinclude>[[Category:Japanese FOP cases/pending]]</noinclude>

版權法（1970年5月6日第48號法，經修訂為2014年5月14日第35號法）允許永久複製藝術作品位於公眾可以進入的開放場所，例如街道和公園 ，或在公眾容易看到的地方，例如建築物的外牆，僅供非商業用途。 因此，此類照片未達到Commons的自由版權門檻。

位於這些地方的建築作品（即建築物）可以被拍照，並且可以出於任何目的複制照片。§46(iv)包含非商業限制，僅適用於藝術作品。[1899-1931 Art. 46(iv)] 像太陽之塔這樣的建築可以被視為藝術作品討論。

關於建築物，2003年大阪地方法院的裁決 指出，為了使建築物獲得版權，它必須符合同法第二條第一款第一項規定的作品定義，具有審美表達的創造性。這意味著看起來普通的建築物不符合建築作品的版權保護條件。

更多資訊請參閱:

注意：根據日本版權法，日本的版權有效期為作者（即創作者/設計者）去世後或在聯合作品的情況下最後倖存的共同作者死亡後70年。 從今以後，作者的作品將免於版權並進入公共領域。[1899-1931 Art. 51]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Cyprus

塞浦路斯

可以 {{FoP-Cyprus}}

The WIPO version of Copyright Laws 1976 to 1993, section 7(2)[10], includes exception (c): "the reproduction and distribution of copies of any artistic work permanently situated in a place where it may be viewed by the public;"

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Saudi Arabia

沙特阿拉伯

 不可以 {{NoFoP-Saudi Arabia}}

  • 皇家法令No. M/41, 2 Rajab, 1424 (30.08.2003)和實施條例中詳述的版權法沒有提及全景自由。
  • 即使在不受版權保護的網站拍照也可能受到質疑，在沙特阿拉伯工作的攝影師發現攜帶一份允許在公共場所拍照的法令副本很有用。
  • Even taking pictures of sites not covered by copyrights may be challenged, and photographers operating in Saudi Arabia have found it useful to carry a copy of a decree allowing taking pictures from public places. For purposes of Wikimedia Commons, such restrictions are non-copyright restrictions and image files that may show restricted sites can be kept, unless these show a recent work by architects or sculptors who are not yet dead for more than 50 years.
[11][12][13]

Note: "Copyright protection expires 50 years after the death of the original author (who may be the architect, sculptor, or muralist) of a public artistic work of Saudi Arabia. On January 1st of the following year (ie. January 1 of the 51st Year), freely-licensed images of the author's sculptures, buildings, murals, or monuments are now free and can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. The lack of Freedom of Panorama is no longer relevant here for sovereign states with no formal FOP legal rights since the author's works are now copyright free."

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Sri Lanka

斯里蘭卡

 不可以 The prevailing Intellectual Property Act, No. 36 of 2003 does not provide any freedom of panorama clause. The exceptions at Section 11 only deal with U.S.-style "fair use" like criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.[36/2003 Section 11]

The now-repealed Code of Intellectual Property Act, No. 52 of 1979 had a limited freedom of panorama for films and television broadcasts only, as long as the source and name of the author of the works of art and architecture "permanently located in a place where they can be viewed by the public" were mentioned in the films or television broadcasts.[52/1979 Section 13(d)]

Sri Lankan copyright law was revised 2001–2003, dropping any direct reference to anything resembling "freedom of panorama". Still the legal right of the repealed law would not be compatible to Wikimedia Commons as it was for films and television broadcasts only, excluding photographs.

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Tajikistan

塔吉克斯坦

 不可以. Under the the Law on Copyright and Related Rights (as amended up to 2009), only incidental and non-commercial use is allowed:

  • It is permitted without the consent of the author or other owner of the copyright rights and without payment of author's remuneration, to reproduce and broadcast by radio or cable for general information architecture works, photography and graphic arts which are permanently located in a public place, apart from cases where the work is the main subject, or where the image is used for commercial purposes.[2009 Article 21]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Thailand

泰國

可以 {{FoP-Thailand}}

The Thai Copyright Act of B.E. 2537 (A.D. 1994) states that:

  • A drawing, painting, construction, engraving, moulding, carving, lithographing, photographing, cinematographing, video broadcasting or any similar act of an artistic work, except an architectural work, which is openly located in a public place shall not be deemed an infringement of copyright in the artistic work.[2537/1994 Sec.37]
  • A drawing, painting, engraving, moulding, carving, lithographing, photographing, cinematographing or video broadcasting of an architectural work shall not be deemed an infringement of copyright in the architectural work.[2537/1994 Sec.38]

For artistic works that are not situated in public spaces (not "openly located in a public place"), these can only be photographed freely if de minimis:

  • A photograph or cinematograph or video broadcast of a work of which an artistic work is a component shall not be deemed an infringement of copyright in the artistic work.[2537/1994 Sec.39]
  • Note that artistic work as defined by Section 4 of the law does not include works of literature. On the other hand, architecture as defined in the same section includes "design of buildings or constructions, a design of interior or exterior decoration as well as a landscape design or a creation of a model of buildings or constructions." It can be interpreted that elegant bridges are works of architecture that fall under the freedom of panorama, through the element "constructions."

According to several Thai Wikimedians, the Thai text of Copyright Act B.E. 2537 (1994) gives a more comprehensive clause, containing permanence requirement. (Reference: Commons:Deletion requests/File:Prince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti poster for mother's milk.jpg)

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Türkiye

土耳其

无可用信息
文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Turkmenistan

土庫曼斯坦

 不可以. Only allowed for incidental, non-commercial use. Under Law No. 257-IV of January 10, 2012, permitted use includes:
  • Reproduction, broadcasting or communication to the public by cable of works of architecture, photography or fine art permanently located in a place open to public access, except when the image of the work is the main subject or it is used for commercial purposes;[2012 Article 19(7)]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Brunei

文莱达鲁萨兰国

可以 for 3D works and works of artistic craftsmanship = {{FoP-Brunei}}.  不可以 for 2D graphic works.

Under the Emergency (Copyright) Order, 1999 of Brunei Darussalam,

  • It is not a copyright infringement to make graphic representations, take photographs, broadcast the images of buildings, sculptures, models for buildings and works of artistic craftsmanship given that the object is permanently situated in a public place, nor to reproduce aforementioned works to the public.[1999 Section 66]
  • "Work of artistic craftsmanship" is defined separately from "graphic work".[1999 Section 6] "Graphic work" includes any painting, drawing, diagram, map, chart or plan, and any engraving, etching, lithograph, woodcut or similar work.[1999 Section 6] These works are not covered by the Section 66 exception.[1999 Section 66]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Uzbekistan

烏茲別克

 不可以: Only incidental reproduction for non-commercial purposes is allowed. The law allows without consent of the author or other legal owner, and without payment of remuneration the reproduction, on-air transmission or cable transmission of architectural works, photos, visual art works that are permanently located in a place open for free attendance. This rule does not extend to cases when the representation of work is the basic subject of such reproduction, on-air transmission or cable transmission, as well as in case, when the representation of work is used for commercial purpose.[LRU-476/2018 Article 28]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Singapore

新加坡

  • 可以对于3D对象和部分2D对象 = {{FoP-Singapore}}
  •  不可以对于涂鸦、绘画、雕版和摄影作品

根據2018年修訂的《版權法》（第63章），

  • 第63條規定，雕塑和除繪畫、素描、版畫和照片以外的藝術工藝作品非臨時放置在公共場所或向公眾開放的場所，不因繪畫創作而受到侵犯、作品的繪圖、雕刻或照片，或將作品包含在電影或電視廣播中。[63/2006-2018 Section 63]
  • 第64條允許通過對建築物或模型進行繪畫、繪圖、雕刻或拍攝，或通過將建築物或模型包含在電影膠片中來複製建築物或建築物模型，而不受位置或永久性的限制。[63/2006-2018 Section 64]

這意味著全景自由不適用於畫廊中的廣告牌、海報和繪畫等二維作品，即使這些作品永久展示在公共場所。它確實包括一些具有藝術工藝的2D作品，例如紡織品。

If the paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs of buildings, permanent sculptures, and/or works of artistic craftsmanship were made before that date, the law permits publications if "the making would have been a permitted use under paragraph (a) if this Act had been in operation at the time of the making."[22/2021 Section 265(2)(b)(ii)] Similar condition exists for films: "the making would have been a permitted use under paragraph (c) if this Act had been in operation at the time of the making."[22/2021 Section 265(2)(d)(ii)] Paragraph (a) states the following permitted use: "making a painting, a drawing, an engraving or a photograph of the work." For paragraph (c), "including the work in a film." See also Commons:Village pump/Copyright/Archive/2021/10#Singapore New Copyright Act Gazetted.

Section 20(1)(a) of the copyright law provides definitions for artistic works:

  • a painting, a sculpture, a drawing, an engraving or a photograph (whether the work is of artistic quality or not);[22/2021 Section 20(1)(a)(i)]
  • a building or a model of a building (whether the building or model is of artistic quality or not);[22/2021 Section 20(1)(a)(ii)]
  • a work of artistic craftsmanship to which neither sub-paragraph (i) nor (ii) applies[22/2021 Section 20(1)(a)(iii)]

This means that the Singaporean freedom of panorama does not apply to two-dimensional works such as billboards, posters and paintings in a gallery, even if these are permanently displayed in a public place. It does include some 2D works that are works of artistic craftsmanship, such as textiles.

For artistic works that are not eligible for the Singaporean freedom of panorama, incidental inclusion is provided through Section 266 of the law, but only "in a film, television broadcast or cable programme," not photographs.

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Syria

敘利亞

 不可以, {{NoFoP-Syria}}. Legislative Decree No. 62/2013 only allows broadcasting of images of works in public places.

  • Without the permission of the author and without making any compensation, the author may transfer works of fine arts or applied works, or plastic or architectural works to the public through the materials of the broadcasting stations if such works are permanently present in public places.[62/2013 Art. 39]
文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Armenia

亞美尼亞

  • 可以 用於雕塑：{{FoP-Armenia}}
  • 可以 用於建築物和建築物模型：{{FoP-Armenia}}
  • 可以 用於其他藝術作品（繪畫、圖形、設計和其他美術作品、應用裝飾藝術作品和舞台圖形。與地理、地形、地質、城市規劃相關的地圖、平面圖、草圖和造型作品 、建築和其他科學。）{{FoP-Armenia}}

產權組織提供的版權法版本規定，未經版權方同意，允許在對公眾開放的場所複製、廣播出於非商業目的建築、攝影或美術作品。 作者和作者報酬的支付。[2013 Article 25(d)] 但是，2013年4月下旬生效的一項修正案取消了對商業用途的限制，並表示：“位於街道、公園、廣場和其他開放場所的作品可以復制和播放，複製的副本可以分發，包括通過互聯網，未經作者許可且無需向作者付款，以任何有形媒介，以任何方式和任何形式”。[2013 Article 25(d) amended]。

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Yemen

也门

 不可以: The list of exceptions (Articles 40–47) of the Law No. 15 of 2012 on the Protection of Copyright and Related Rights does not contain any freedom of panorama provision allowing free uses of images of copyrighted architectural and artistic works in public spaces. Only allowed uses:

  • Personal use.[15/2012 Article 40(1)]
  • Non-profit educational or training purposes ("with due reference be made to the source and name of the author").[15/2012 Article 40(2)]
  • "Taking photographs of any entity that has been previously photographed."[15/2012 Article 40(4)]
文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Iraq

伊拉克

 不可以：根據2004年對伊拉克第3號版權法的修訂，
  • 保護應包括以文字、聲音、繪畫、繪畫或運動表達方式的作品，尤其是以下作品：... 建築。[83/2004 Art. 2(4)]
  • 未經作者或其繼承人的書面許可，任何人不得從事以下任何行為：...以任何方式或形式複製作品，無論是暫時的還是永久的，包括在攝影（包括電影）膠片上或 到數字或電子存儲介質上。[83/2004 Art. 8(1)]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Iran

伊朗

 不可以 伊朗版權法中沒有可用的FoP條款。{{NoFoP-Iran}}

根據伊朗版權法（1970年1月1日通過）第2條，建築作品、設計、草圖和建築物和所有類型的雕塑受版權法保護。

根據伊朗版權法第12條，此類作品在作者去世後仍受保護50年（2010年第12條改革 - 22年8月22日）。另外根據第十三條，由雇主委託製作的作品的版權自製作之日起三十年屬於雇主。如果作品屬於法人資格或權利轉移為法人資格，則自出版或公開展示之日起30年後進入公有領域（第16條）。[14]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Israel

以色列

可以 {{FoP-Israel}}

Section 23 of the 2007 Copyright Act states that "Broadcasting, or copying by way of photography, drawing, sketch or similar visual description, of an architectural work, a work of sculpture or work of applied art, are permitted where the aforesaid work is permanently situated in a public place."

According to Dr Sarah Presenti, an Israeli copyright lawyer, the scope of the term "work of applied art" in Israel is broader than the equivalent term in Commonwealth jurisdictions. Presenti suggests that "it includes art work (like adverts, advertising, maps etc.) which transfers useful information" and that "it does not matter if it is 2D or 3D as long as it is a work of art that is meant to deliver useful information. Therefore, an artistic work created for artistic purpose is by no means applied art (e.g. painting)."

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP India

印度

  • 可以。對於3D（建築和雕塑）{{FoP-India}}，
  •  不可以。對於受版權保護的2D（繪畫、素描、地圖、圖片、版畫等）

根據《1957年版權法》（1957年第14號法，經修訂至2012年第27號法），以下行為不構成侵犯版權：[1957-2012 Section 52]

  • 建築作品的繪畫、素描、版畫或照片的製作或出版，或建築作品的展示；[1957-2012 Section 52(s)]
  • 製作或出版屬於第2條 (c) 款第 (iii) 款的雕塑或其他藝術作品的繪畫、素描、雕刻或照片，如果此類作品永久位於公共場所或 公眾可以進入的任何場所；[1957-2012 Section 52(t)]
  • ：第2(c){iii)條讀作“任何其他藝術工藝作品；”。[1957-2012 Section 2(c)(iii)]繪畫、素描或照片屬於第2(c)條 ){i).[1957-2012 第 2(c)(i)]
  • 將 (i) 任何藝術作品永久放置在公共場所或公眾可以進入的任何場所的電影電影中包含；[1957-2012 Section 52(u)]
Case/s

印度法律是以英国法律为蓝本的，在缺乏更具体的案例法的情况下，有理由认为这些规则将是相似的。详情见COM:FOP United Kingdom。

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Indonesia

印度尼西亚

 不可以 ({{NoFoP-Indonesia}})，教育目的和非商業用途除外。但是，尚未確定2014年版權法有任何明確規定使全景自由不存在。

印度尼西亞知識共享組織在2018年11月關於印度尼西亞全景自由地位的聲明中維持了這一立場。[15]

Several users and contributors have claimed that freedom of panorama exists by virtue of Article 43(d). However, the 2018 statement of Creative Commons Indonesia asserts that this is a restrictive provision, in which every image showing copyrighted architecture and public art must bear a statement claiming that the use is not for profit. Otherwise, direct permission from the creator or copyright holder is totally required when the use involves commercial interest, to avoid acts of copyright infringement.[15] The provision in question:

  • The production and distribution of the copyrighted content through information technology and communication media that are not commercial and/or lucrative for the Author or related parties, or the Author expresses no objection to the manufacture and dissemination in question.[28/2014 Article 43(d)]

It should be noted that Commons:Licensing forbids fair use and non-commercial licensing, as these types of licenses prevent files from "being used by anyone, anytime, for any purpose."

整個2020-21年，關於全景自由在印度尼西亞的地位的廣泛討論可以找到這裏和這裡。

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Jordan

約旦

 不可以。复制品只允许用于私人用途和教育用途。

約旦1992年第 (22) 號著作權法的“(17)：已出版作品的使用”和“(20)：未經作者同意的作品複製品”沒有明確提及建築作品，但對其進行了定義在第三條中稱為“享有著作權保護的作品”。保護還包括作品的標題，除非它是通用的並且用於描述作品的主題。

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Vietnam

越南

可以：公共場所展示的Template:Wp-Plastic Arts（雕塑、陶瓷等）、建築、照片、Template:Wp-Applied Arts（陶器、家具等）的攝影和電視廣播。{{FoP-Vietnam}}
 不可以：其他類型的複製或再現，以及其他類型的作品（繪畫、壁畫、牌匾或桌子上的文學文本等）

  • Note, valid from 1 January 2023 onwards: "Copyright protection expires 50 years after the death of the original author (who may be the architect, sculptor, or artist of applied art) of a public artistic work of Vietnam. On January 1st of the following year (ie. January 1 of the 51st Year), freely-licensed images of the author's sculptures, buildings, applied arts, or monuments are now free and can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. The lack of commercial Freedom of Panorama is no longer relevant here for sovereign states with no formal FOP legal rights since the author's works are now copyright free."

可以: photographs and television broadcasts of 造型艺术 (sculptures, ceramics etc.), architecture, photographs, 應用藝術 (pottery, furniture etc.) displayed at public places, uploaded on Wikimedia Commons until 31 December 2022. The new amendments are not retroactive. Applicable template: {{FoP-Vietnam}}

根據經2009年6月19日第36/2009/QH12號法律修正的2005年11月29日第50/2005/QH11號法律，使用已出版作品，其中許可和支付版稅或報酬不要求包括......為展示這些作品的圖像而拍攝或播放在公共場所展示的造型藝術、建築、攝影、應用藝術作品。[36/2009 Article 25.1(h)]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP 中国 / 中國

中國

无可用信息

有限承认

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP فلسطين / Palestine

Template:فلسطين / Palestine

Commons:Copyright rules by territory/فلسطين / Palestine
文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Abkhazia

阿布哈茲

 不可以. Only incidental, non-commercial use allowed. Under the 2006 Law on Copyright and Related Rights,

  • It is allowed without the consent of the author and without paying the author's fee to reproduce, broadcast or communicate to the public by cable of works of architecture, photography or fine art which are permanently located in a place open to the public, except when the image of the work is the main object such reproduction, transmission or broadcast to the public by cable or when the image of the work is used for commercial purposes.[2006 Art.21]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Northern Cyprus

北賽普勒斯土耳其共和國

可以: 1911 U.K. copyright law still applies in Northern Cyprus (source) which allows Freedom of Panorama.

See also: Commons:Village pump/Copyright/Archive/2023/02#FoP status of Northern Cyprus

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP South Ossetia

南奥塞梯

 不可以, non-commercial use only if the work is the main subject of the reproduction. However, it should be OK if the work is not the main subject of the photograph or video.

  • It is allowed without the consent of the author or other holder of rights, and without payment of royalties, to reproduce, broadcast or transmit by cable works of architecture, photography, and fine art which are permanently located in a place open to public access, unless the image of the work is the main object such reproduction, broadcasting or transmission by cable or when the image of the work is used for commercial purposes.[16][2012 Art.21]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP 中華民國

Template:中華民國

Commons:Copyright rules by territory/中華民國

其他地区

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Macau

澳門

可以 {{FoP-Macao}}

  • 未經作者同意，這是合法的......以攝影、錄像、電影攝影或其他類似方式複制放置在公共場所的藝術作品。[43/99/M/2012 Article 61(l)]
  • 但是，受保護作品的免費使用不得妨礙其正常的經濟利用，也不得無理地損害作者的合法利益。[43/99/M/2012 Article 62(l)]
  • 第61條所允許的複制不應與使用者的原創作品混淆，複製或引用不能過於廣泛以致減損對這些作品的興趣。[43/99/M/2012 Article 62(3)]

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Hong Kong

香港

可以對於3D作品及2D工藝藝術作品， 不可以對於大多數其他2D作品，除非香港特區政府對部分個案另有聲明可以的情形。{{FoP-Hong Kong}}

根據《著作權條例》（第528章）（2016年5月27日合併版），對建築物、雕塑、建築物模型和作品進行圖解、拍照或播放圖像不構成侵犯版權藝術工藝，如果物品永久位於公共場所或向公眾開放的場所。[528/2016 Section 71]

因為香港直至1997年前屬於英國領地，所以香港法律以英國法律為藍本改編，在沒有任何具體的反例判例法的情況下，可以合理地假設有關規則是相似的。參見英國專頁了解更多詳情。

與英國法律類似，藝術工藝作品與圖形作品是分開定義的。後者包括任何繪畫、素描、圖表、地圖、圖表或計劃，以及任何雕刻、蝕刻、石版畫、木刻或類似作品。因此，第71條賦予的自由不適用於公共場所的海報或地圖。

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP Akrotiri and Dhekelia

亞克羅提利與德凱利亞

参见: 共享资源:各地著作权法规/塞浦路斯#FOP

文本嵌入自
COM:FOP British Indian Ocean Territory

英屬印度洋領地

参见: 共享资源:各地著作权法规/英国#FOP

部分位于亚洲

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  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CCAmend2014
  4. ↑ Фирма, связанная с Никитой Михалковым, проиграла суд за права на памятник Татищеву и де Геннину. 66.ru (2021-08-26).
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WS199353511
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ipophilstreetart
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  8. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Act3134
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  13. ↑ Commons:Village pump/Archive/2012/09#Photography in Saudi Arabia
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  15. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CCIDNFoP
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named fopSouthOssetia
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