List of Wallace fountains in Paris

From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Wallace fountains are public drinking fountains designed by Charles-Auguste Lebourg that appear in the form of small cast-iron sculptures scattered throughout the city of Paris, France, mainly along the most-frequented sidewalks. They are named after the Englishman Richard Wallace, who financed their construction. A great aesthetic success, they are recognized worldwide as one of the symbols of Paris.

Gallery[edit]

List of fountains[edit]

Fountain Arrondissement Address Coordinates
Wallace fountain 1 Jardin du Palais-Royal
Wallace fountain 2 6 rue Saint-Spire 48°52′06″N 2°21′01″E / 48.8684012393°N 2.35020046726°E / 48.8684012393; 2.35020046726
Wallace fountain 3 Place Nathalie-Lemel 48°51′53″N 2°21′47″E / 48.8648530505°N 2.36315671491°E / 48.8648530505; 2.36315671491
Wallace fountain 3 Passage du Pont-aux-Biches 48°52′03″N 2°21′31″E / 48.867498456°N 2.35857289575°E / 48.867498456; 2.35857289575
Wallace fountain 3 Place de la République 48°52′01″N 2°21′51″E / 48.866944°N 2.36425°E / 48.866944; 2.36425
Wallace fountain 3 Square Émile-Chautemps 48°52′02″N 2°21′12″E / 48.8672988104°N 2.35335401475°E / 48.8672988104; 2.35335401475
Wallace fountain 3 Square Saint-Gilles-Grand-Veneur 48°51′34″N 2°21′55″E / 48.85937°N 2.36535°E / 48.85937; 2.36535
Wallace fountain 4 4 allée des Justes 48°51′18″N 2°21′21″E / 48.8551343388°N 2.35593994227°E / 48.8551343388; 2.35593994227
Wallace fountain 4 Place Louis-Lépine (north) 48°51′20″N 2°20′51″E / 48.855434°N 2.347553°E / 48.855434; 2.347553
Wallace fountain 4 Place Louis-Lépine (east) 48°51′19″N 2°20′52″E / 48.855399°N 2.347720°E / 48.855399; 2.347720
Wallace fountain 4 Place Louis-Lépine (south) 48°51′19″N 2°20′52″E / 48.855268°N 2.347650°E / 48.855268; 2.347650
Wallace fountain 4 Place Louis-Lépine (west) 48°51′19″N 2°20′51″E / 48.855338°N 2.347502°E / 48.855338; 2.347502
Wallace fountain 4 Quai de la Corse, near Tribunal de commerce 48°51′21″N 2°20′51″E / 48.855830°N 2.347576°E / 48.855830; 2.347576
Wallace fountain 4 Quai de la Corse, near Hôtel-Dieu 48°51′20″N 2°20′53″E / 48.855670°N 2.348146°E / 48.855670; 2.348146
Wallace fountain 4 Quai de la Corse, near the Seine River 48°51′21″N 2°20′52″E / 48.855871°N 2.347762°E / 48.855871; 2.347762
Wallace fountain 4 7 boulevard du Palais 48°51′17″N 2°20′44″E / 48.8548547664°N 2.34557044701°E / 48.8548547664; 2.34557044701
Wallace fountain 4 1 rue de Rivoli 48°51′20″N 2°21′34″E / 48.8554550774°N 2.35954142871°E / 48.8554550774; 2.35954142871
Wallace fountain 4 4 square Louis-XIII 48°51′21″N 2°21′57″E / 48.855698°N 2.365734°E / 48.855698; 2.365734
Wallace fountain 5 Place Bernard-Halpern 48°50′25″N 2°21′03″E / 48.8403812367°N 2.35069981551°E / 48.8403812367; 2.35069981551
Wallace fountain 5 37 rue de la Bûcherie 48°51′09″N 2°20′50″E / 48.8526050692°N 2.34722563272°E / 48.8526050692; 2.34722563272
Wallace fountain 5 Place de l'Émir-Abdelkader 48°50′23″N 2°21′23″E / 48.8397555892°N 2.35642400142°E / 48.8397555892; 2.35642400142
Wallace fountain 5 Rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire 48°50′37″N 2°21′18″E / 48.8437212°N 2.3551124°E / 48.8437212; 2.3551124
Wallace fountain 5 35 rue Poliveau 48°50′24″N 2°21′29″E / 48.8400757057°N 2.35819093692°E / 48.8400757057; 2.35819093692
Wallace fountain 5 Place Emmanuel-Levinas 48°50′40″N 2°20′52″E / 48.8445556125°N 2.34782667792°E / 48.8445556125; 2.34782667792
Wallace fountain 5 Square Marie-Curie 48°50′27″N 2°21′48″E / 48.84084°N 2.36337°E / 48.84084; 2.36337
Wallace fountain 6 Pont Neuf 48°51′22″N 2°20′26″E / 48.8560954495°N 2.34065851492°E / 48.8560954495; 2.34065851492
Wallace fountain 6 9 place Saint-André-des-Arts 48°51′10″N 2°20′35″E / 48.8528969525°N 2.34309573856°E / 48.8528969525; 2.34309573856
Wallace fountain 6 2 Place Saint-Germain-des-Prés 48°51′15″N 2°20′02″E / 48.8541826491°N 2.33375586633°E / 48.8541826491; 2.33375586633
Wallace fountain 6 Place Saint-Sulpice 48°51′02″N 2°19′59″E / 48.8506572102°N 2.33300655258°E / 48.8506572102; 2.33300655258
Wallace fountain 6 24 rue Vavin 48°50′37″N 2°19′49″E / 48.8436814529°N 2.33029871828°E / 48.8436814529; 2.33029871828
Wallace fountain 6 Place du 18-Juin-1940 48°50′39″N 2°19′26″E / 48.8440351968°N 2.32392683619°E / 48.8440351968; 2.32392683619
Wallace fountain 7 7 boulevard des Invalides 48°51′06″N 2°18′53″E / 48.8516782°N 2.3146314°E / 48.8516782; 2.3146314
Wallace fountain 7 Musée des égouts 48°51′46″N 2°18′08″E / 48.862642°N 2.302235°E / 48.862642; 2.302235
Wallace fountain 8 1 avenue des Champs-Élysées 48°51′57″N 2°19′07″E / 48.8658948191°N 2.31874302271°E / 48.8658948191; 2.31874302271
Wallace fountain 8 2 avenue des Champs-Élysées 48°51′58″N 2°19′11″E / 48.8662375247°N 2.31970189646°E / 48.8662375247; 2.31970189646
Wallace fountain 8 82 avenue Marceau 48°52′21″N 2°17′47″E / 48.8724775092°N 2.29644648413°E / 48.8724775092; 2.29644648413
Wallace fountain 8 8 rue de Saint-Pétersbourg 48°52′50″N 2°19′29″E / 48.8805343522°N 2.32477012463°E / 48.8805343522; 2.32477012463
Wallace fountain 9 4 place de Budapest 48°52′39″N 2°19′38″E / 48.877470798°N 2.3271863746°E / 48.877470798; 2.3271863746
Wallace fountain 9 Place Gustave-Toudouze 48°52′46″N 2°20′14″E / 48.8795186581°N 2.33724727645°E / 48.8795186581; 2.33724727645
Wallace fountain 10 Place Jacques-Bonsergent 48°52′16″N 2°21′39″E / 48.8711663539°N 2.36085349115°E / 48.8711663539; 2.36085349115
Wallace fountain 10 Rue Juliette-Dodu 48°52′34″N 2°22′07″E / 48.8759781465°N 2.36852330912°E / 48.8759781465; 2.36852330912
Wallace fountain 10 Place Robert-Desnos 48°52′40″N 2°22′06″E / 48.8777084163°N 2.36822678946°E / 48.8777084163; 2.36822678946
Wallace fountain 10 Marché couvert Saint-Quentin 48°52′37″N 2°21′18″E / 48.87688°N 2.355°E / 48.87688; 2.355
Wallace fountain 11 4 boulevard de Belleville 48°52′02″N 2°22′59″E / 48.8671967679°N 2.38292183459°E / 48.8671967679; 2.38292183459
Wallace fountain 11 Place de la Fontaine-Timbaud 48°51′59″N 2°22′19″E / 48.8663168411°N 2.37186960695°E / 48.8663168411; 2.37186960695
Wallace fountain 11 Esplanade Roger-Linet 48°52′04″N 2°22′39″E / 48.8677884739°N 2.37744509826°E / 48.8677884739; 2.37744509826
Wallace fountain 11 1 boulevard Richard-Lenoir 48°51′15″N 2°22′10″E / 48.8541325168°N 2.36943201092°E / 48.8541325168; 2.36943201092
Wallace fountain 11 74 boulevard Richard-Lenoir
Wallace fountain 11 89 boulevard Richard-Lenoir 48°51′44″N 2°22′20″E / 48.8621976867°N 2.37212632736°E / 48.8621976867; 2.37212632736
Wallace fountain 11 143 rue de la Roquette 48°51′32″N 2°23′04″E / 48.8589150354°N 2.38452566934°E / 48.8589150354; 2.38452566934
Wallace fountain 11 197 boulevard Voltaire 48°51′11″N 2°23′18″E / 48.8531370492°N 2.38824478312°E / 48.8531370492; 2.38824478312
Wallace fountain 12 67 avenue de Saint-Mandé 48°50′41″N 2°24′19″E / 48.844805253°N 2.40522687476°E / 48.844805253; 2.40522687476
Wallace fountain 12 122 rue de Charenton 48°50′47″N 2°22′46″E / 48.8462968734°N 2.37931828199°E / 48.8462968734; 2.37931828199
Wallace fountain 12 1 rue Descos 48°50′28″N 2°23′16″E / 48.8410755042°N 2.38780427236°E / 48.8410755042; 2.38780427236
Wallace fountain 12 2 rue de Montempoivre 48°50′24″N 2°24′17″E / 48.8399547439°N 2.40461051346°E / 48.8399547439; 2.40461051346
Wallace fountain 12 Place Moussa-et-Odette-Abadi 48°50′32″N 2°23′10″E / 48.8422620966°N 2.38611321063°E / 48.8422620966; 2.38611321063
Wallace fountain 12 30 avenue Lamoricière 48°50′46″N 2°24′46″E / 48.846079263°N 2.41264751135°E / 48.846079263; 2.41264751135
Wallace fountain 12 Avenue de la Belle-Gabrielle 48°50′32″N 2°27′48″E / 48.842199°N 2.463302°E / 48.842199; 2.463302
Wallace fountain 12 Route de la Dame-Blanche 48°50′42″N 2°26′31″E / 48.844917°N 2.441901°E / 48.844917; 2.441901
Wallace fountain 12 2 cours de Vincennes 48°50′52″N 2°23′57″E / 48.847889527°N 2.39927042271°E / 48.847889527; 2.39927042271
Wallace fountain 12 Coulée verte René-Dumont 48°50′37″N 2°23′01″E / 48.84355°N 2.38371°E / 48.84355; 2.38371
Wallace fountain 12 Coulée verte René-Dumont 48°50′43″N 2°22′49″E / 48.84519°N 2.38027°E / 48.84519; 2.38027
Wallace fountain 12 Coulée verte René-Dumont 48°50′54″N 2°22′26″E / 48.84827°N 2.37389°E / 48.84827; 2.37389
Wallace fountain 12 Square Charles-Péguy 48°50′20″N 2°24′23″E / 48.83878°N 2.40649°E / 48.83878; 2.40649
Wallace fountain 13 Place de la Commune-de-Paris 48°49′39″N 2°20′55″E / 48.82749945°N 2.3487358121°E / 48.82749945; 2.3487358121
Wallace fountain 13 60 rue de Domrémy 48°49′39″N 2°22′10″E / 48.8275338023°N 2.36937304915°E / 48.8275338023; 2.36937304915
Wallace fountain 13 Place Jean-Delay 48°49′24″N 2°21′15″E / 48.8232776738°N 2.35425674884°E / 48.8232776738; 2.35425674884
Wallace fountain 13 Esplanade Pierre-Vidal-Naquet 48°49′47″N 2°22′53″E / 48.829689°N 2.381362°E / 48.829689; 2.381362
Wallace fountain 13 10 rue des Frères-d'Astier-de-La-Vigerie 48°49′27″N 2°21′47″E / 48.8240435856°N 2.36303534506°E / 48.8240435856; 2.36303534506
Wallace fountain 13 66 avenue d'Ivry 48°49′28″N 2°21′51″E / 48.8243808941°N 2.36409241144°E / 48.8243808941; 2.36409241144
Wallace fountain 13 Rue Jean-Anouilh 48°49′54″N 2°22′41″E / 48.831648°N 2.378036°E / 48.831648; 2.378036
Wallace fountain 13 180 rue Jeanne-d'Arc 48°50′17″N 2°21′26″E / 48.8379779328°N 2.35731956857°E / 48.8379779328; 2.35731956857
Wallace fountain 13 21 place Louis-Armstrong 48°50′11″N 2°21′34″E / 48.8364024493°N 2.3595638757°E / 48.8364024493; 2.3595638757
Wallace fountain 13 Place Paul-Verlaine 48°49′41″N 2°21′09″E / 48.828°N 2.352389°E / 48.828; 2.352389
Wallace fountain 13 Place Pierre-Riboulet 48°49′19″N 2°20′59″E / 48.822070046°N 2.34961706214°E / 48.822070046; 2.34961706214
Wallace fountain 13 Jardin Cyprian-Norwid 48°49′41″N 2°22′39″E / 48.82814°N 2.37751°E / 48.82814; 2.37751
Wallace fountain 14 Place de l'Abbé-Jean-Lebeuf 48°50′10″N 2°19′08″E / 48.8360479385°N 2.31892842209°E / 48.8360479385; 2.31892842209
Wallace fountain 14 Place des Droits-de-l'enfant 48°49′40″N 2°19′56″E / 48.8277008056°N 2.33230020656°E / 48.8277008056; 2.33230020656
Wallace fountain 14 Place Gilbert-Perroy 48°49′55″N 2°19′32″E / 48.8319337738°N 2.32545759397°E / 48.8319337738; 2.32545759397
Wallace fountain 14 Place Denfert-Rochereau 48°50′05″N 2°19′56″E / 48.8345990785°N 2.33215333456°E / 48.8345990785; 2.33215333456
Wallace fountain 14 75 rue Didot 48°49′47″N 2°19′05″E / 48.829731°N 2.3179488°E / 48.829731; 2.3179488
Wallace fountain 14 11 boulevard Edgar-Quinet 48°50′28″N 2°19′30″E / 48.8409841657°N 2.3249532216°E / 48.8409841657; 2.3249532216
Wallace fountain 14 Place Jules-Hénaffe 48°49′26″N 2°19′53″E / 48.8237806403°N 2.33152234677°E / 48.8237806403; 2.33152234677
Wallace fountain 14 63 avenue René-Coty 48°49′28″N 2°20′10″E / 48.8243798702°N 2.33611553265°E / 48.8243798702; 2.33611553265
Wallace fountain 14 115 rue de la Tombe-Issoire 48°49′27″N 2°19′53″E / 48.8240731069°N 2.33126450561°E / 48.8240731069; 2.33126450561
Wallace fountain 15 31 rue Alain-Chartier 48°50′15″N 2°17′47″E / 48.8375362°N 2.2963597°E / 48.8375362; 2.2963597
Wallace fountain 15 35 rue Alain-Chartier 48°50′15″N 2°17′47″E / 48.8375245191°N 2.29645550595°E / 48.8375245191; 2.29645550595
Wallace fountain 15 Place Cambronne 48°50′53″N 2°18′08″E / 48.84798°N 2.30214°E / 48.84798; 2.30214
Wallace fountain 15 Square Castagnary
Wallace fountain 15 Place Charles-Vallin 48°50′09″N 2°18′08″E / 48.835833611°N 2.30234416695°E / 48.835833611; 2.30234416695
Wallace fountain 15 19 place du Commerce 48°50′42″N 2°17′36″E / 48.8450063°N 2.2934495°E / 48.8450063; 2.2934495
Wallace fountain 15 Parc des expositions
Wallace fountain 15 19 rue des Frères-Morane 48°50′30″N 2°17′29″E / 48.8415545995°N 2.29142492306°E / 48.8415545995; 2.29142492306
Wallace fountain 15 4 place du Général-Beuret 48°50′31″N 2°18′11″E / 48.8418838857°N 2.30307304518°E / 48.8418838857; 2.30307304518
Wallace fountain 15 Place Henri-Rollet 48°50′09″N 2°17′36″E / 48.8359045877°N 2.29331035117°E / 48.8359045877; 2.29331035117
Wallace fountain 15 Jardin de l'Hôpital de Vaugirard
Wallace fountain 15 Place Jacques-et-Thérèse-Tréfouël 48°50′34″N 2°18′46″E / 48.8428146°N 2.3128644°E / 48.8428146; 2.3128644
Wallace fountain 15 Rue des Morillons 48°49′56″N 2°18′10″E / 48.8321096°N 2.3027626°E / 48.8321096; 2.3027626
Wallace fountain 15 Square Pau-Casals 48°50′55″N 2°17′08″E / 48.848733°N 2.285669°E / 48.848733; 2.285669
Wallace fountain 15 2 boulevard Pasteur 48°50′42″N 2°18′39″E / 48.8449937588°N 2.31095948356°E / 48.8449937588; 2.31095948356
Wallace fountain 15 28 rue Péclet 48°50′28″N 2°17′59″E / 48.8412109299°N 2.29970628928°E / 48.8412109299; 2.29970628928
Wallace fountain 15 59 place Saint-Charles 48°50′56″N 2°17′15″E / 48.8488952°N 2.2875621°E / 48.8488952; 2.2875621
Wallace fountain 15 Square de la Porte-de-la-Plaine 48°49′43″N 2°17′37″E / 48.82853°N 2.29363°E / 48.82853; 2.29363
Wallace fountain 16 Place de Barcelone 48°50′51″N 2°16′24″E / 48.8474107042°N 2.27324834776°E / 48.8474107042; 2.27324834776
Wallace fountain 16 10 boulevard Delessert 48°51′31″N 2°17′06″E / 48.8587396289°N 2.28513387048°E / 48.8587396289; 2.28513387048
Wallace fountain 16 Place Jean-Lorrain 48°50′53″N 2°15′53″E / 48.8480721872°N 2.26468602918°E / 48.8480721872; 2.26468602918
Wallace fountain 16 Square Lamartine 48°51′52″N 2°16′30″E / 48.8645482°N 2.2749436°E / 48.8645482; 2.2749436
Wallace fountain 16 Place de Passy 48°51′28″N 2°16′40″E / 48.8577903735°N 2.27768092018°E / 48.8577903735; 2.27768092018
Wallace fountain 16 Place du Père-Marcellin-Champagnat 48°51′22″N 2°16′49″E / 48.8561744715°N 2.28034110706°E / 48.8561744715; 2.28034110706
Wallace fountain 16 Rue Vernet 48°52′21″N 2°17′47″E / 48.8724857°N 2.2964468°E / 48.8724857; 2.2964468
Wallace fountain 16 194 avenue de Versailles 48°50′21″N 2°15′40″E / 48.8391486881°N 2.2610423301°E / 48.8391486881; 2.2610423301
Wallace fountain 16 Parc de Bagatelle 48°52′25″N 2°15′01″E / 48.87354°N 2.25029°E / 48.87354; 2.25029
Wallace fountain 16 Jardin des serres d'Auteuil 48°50′50″N 2°15′11″E / 48.84722°N 2.25303°E / 48.84722; 2.25303
Wallace fountain 17 Place Aimé-Maillart 48°52′54″N 2°17′44″E / 48.8815280832°N 2.29545903011°E / 48.8815280832; 2.29545903011
Wallace fountain 17 75 place du Docteur-Félix-Lobligeois 48°53′13″N 2°19′03″E / 48.8868240719°N 2.31746803159°E / 48.8868240719; 2.31746803159
Wallace fountain 17 3 place de Lévis 48°53′01″N 2°18′49″E / 48.8835976786°N 2.31358260133°E / 48.8835976786; 2.31358260133
Wallace fountain 17 13 avenue Niel 48°52′47″N 2°17′41″E / 48.8798426098°N 2.29467497412°E / 48.8798426098; 2.29467497412
Wallace fountain 17 Place Richard-Baret 48°53′04″N 2°19′17″E / 48.8844623779°N 2.32148315768°E / 48.8844623779; 2.32148315768
Wallace fountain 17 Place Tristan-Bernard 48°52′46″N 2°17′28″E / 48.8794834773°N 2.29116187226°E / 48.8794834773; 2.29116187226
Wallace fountain 17 112 avenue de Villiers 48°53′06″N 2°17′54″E / 48.8848967207°N 2.29828798862°E / 48.8848967207; 2.29828798862
Wallace fountain 17 12 boulevard des Batignolles 48°53′00″N 2°19′34″E / 48.8833105428°N 2.32610253435°E / 48.8833105428; 2.32610253435
Wallace fountain 18 Place des Abbesses 48°53′04″N 2°20′18″E / 48.8844662236°N 2.33829468443°E / 48.8844662236; 2.33829468443
Wallace fountain 18 Place du Château-Rouge 48°53′14″N 2°20′58″E / 48.8873017067°N 2.34935116197°E / 48.8873017067; 2.34935116197
Wallace fountain 18 Place Émile-Goudeau 48°53′10″N 2°20′17″E / 48.8860410034°N 2.33793180936°E / 48.8860410034; 2.33793180936
Wallace fountain 18 45 rue de la Goutte-d'Or 48°53′06″N 2°21′09″E / 48.8849725949°N 2.35246645021°E / 48.8849725949; 2.35246645021
Wallace fountain 18 42 boulevard de Rochechouart 48°53′00″N 2°20′47″E / 48.8832887837°N 2.34645651532°E / 48.8832887837; 2.34645651532
Wallace fountain 18 Rue Saint-Éleuthère 48°53′10″N 2°20′29″E / 48.8860090242°N 2.34145127813°E / 48.8860090242; 2.34145127813
Wallace fountain 18 Square Suzanne-Buisson 48°53′17″N 2°20′15″E / 48.88804°N 2.33739°E / 48.88804; 2.33739
Wallace fountain 19 73 rue de Meaux 48°52′58″N 2°22′30″E / 48.8827280302°N 2.37491123596°E / 48.8827280302; 2.37491123596
Wallace fountain 19 106 rue de Meaux 48°53′07″N 2°22′51″E / 48.8853910459°N 2.38092973578°E / 48.8853910459; 2.38092973578
Wallace fountain 19 125 rue de Meaux 48°53′05″N 2°22′46″E / 48.8847366008°N 2.37944185915°E / 48.8847366008; 2.37944185915
Wallace fountain 19 51 avenue Simon-Bolivar 48°52′35″N 2°22′45″E / 48.8764652126°N 2.37928680526°E / 48.8764652126; 2.37928680526
Wallace fountain 19 Avenue Jacques-de-Linières 48°52′37″N 2°22′50″E / 48.876901°N 2.380558°E / 48.876901; 2.380558
Wallace fountain 19 53 quai de la Seine
Wallace fountain 19 19 boulevard Sérurier 48°52′40″N 2°24′19″E / 48.8777889655°N 2.40528642611°E / 48.8777889655; 2.40528642611
Wallace fountain 20 68 rue d'Avron 48°51′08″N 2°24′15″E / 48.8522354873°N 2.40405973075°E / 48.8522354873; 2.40405973075
Wallace fountain 20 6 rue Belgrand 48°51′54″N 2°23′58″E / 48.8649234082°N 2.39950610823°E / 48.8649234082; 2.39950610823
Wallace fountain 20 Place Édith-Piaf 48°51′54″N 2°24′19″E / 48.8649134316°N 2.40520817762°E / 48.8649134316; 2.40520817762
Wallace fountain 20 Place Maurice-Chevalier 48°52′06″N 2°23′10″E / 48.8683488177°N 2.38606971544°E / 48.8683488177; 2.38606971544
Wallace fountain 20 29 boulevard de Ménilmontant 48°51′37″N 2°23′20″E / 48.8602749541°N 2.38893337847°E / 48.8602749541; 2.38893337847
Wallace fountain 20 13 rue des Mûriers 48°51′54″N 2°23′28″E / 48.8649818158°N 2.39114997873°E / 48.8649818158; 2.39114997873
Wallace fountain 20 2 place Octave-Chanute 48°51′58″N 2°24′23″E / 48.8662345597°N 2.40631924027°E / 48.8662345597; 2.40631924027
Wallace fountain 20 19 rue Piat 48°52′17″N 2°23′09″E / 48.8714233518°N 2.38587603544°E / 48.8714233518; 2.38587603544
Wallace fountain 20 Square de Notre-Dame-de-la-Croix 48°52′08″N 2°23′17″E / 48.86894°N 2.38814°E / 48.86894; 2.38814

References[edit]

External links[edit]