Category:Media from Justine et al. 2018 - PeerJ/4672
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Jean-Lou Justine, Leigh Winsor, Delphine Gey, Pierre Gros, Jessica Thévenot
(2018). "Giant worms chez moi! Hammerhead flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, Bipalium spp., Diversibipalium spp.) in metropolitan France and overseas French territories". PeerJ 6: e4672. DOI:10.7717/peerj.4672. ISSN 2167-8359.
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Abstract
Background
Species of the genera Bipalium and Diversibipalium, or bipaliines, are giants among land planarians (family Geoplanidae), reaching length of 1 m; they are also easily distinguished from other land flatworms by the characteristic hammer shape of their head. Bipaliines, which have their origin in warm parts of Asia, are invasive species, now widespread worldwide. However, the scientific literature is very scarce about the widespread repartition of these species, and their invasion in European countries has not been studied.
Methods In this paper, on the basis of a four year survey based on citizen science, which yielded observations from 1999 to 2017 and a total of 111 records, we provide information about the five species present in Metropolitan France and French overseas territories. We also investigated the molecular variability of cytochrome-oxidase 1 (COI) sequences of specimens.
Results Three species are reported from Metropolitan France: Bipalium kewense, Diversibipalium multilineatum, and an unnamed Diversibipalium ‘black’ species. We also report the presence of B. kewense from overseas territories, such as French Polynesia (Oceania), French Guiana (South America), the Caribbean French islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy, and Montserrat (Central America), and La Réunion island (off South-East Africa). For B. vagum, observations include French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Montserrat, La Réunion, and Florida (USA). A probable new species, Diversibipalium sp. ‘blue,’ is reported from Mayotte Island (off South–East Africa). B. kewense, B. vagum and D. multilineatum each showed 0% variability in their COI sequences, whatever their origin, suggesting that the specimens are clonal, and that sexual reproduction is probably absent. COI barcoding was efficient in identifying species, with differences over 10% between species; this suggests that barcoding can be used in the future for identifying these invasive species. In Metropolitan south–west France, a small area located in the Department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques was found to be a hot-spot of bipaliine biodiversity and abundance for more than 20 years, probably because of the local mild weather.
Discussion The present findings strongly suggest that the species present in Metropolitan France and overseas territories should be considered invasive alien species. Our numerous records in the open in Metropolitan France raise questions: as scientists, we were amazed that these long and brightly coloured worms could escape the attention of scientists and authorities in a European developed country for such a long time; improved awareness about land planarians is certainly necessary.
Media in category "Media from Justine et al. 2018 - PeerJ/4672"
The following 28 files are in this category, out of 28 total.
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Figure 01 (PeerJ 4672) - Map Bipalium.png 3,004 × 2,462; 3.59 MB
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Figure 02 (PeerJ 4672) - Molecular Tree.png 2,395 × 3,128; 382 KB
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Figure 03 (PeerJ 4672) - Bipalium kewense.png 3,600 × 2,400; 9.94 MB
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Figure 04 (PeerJ 4672) - Bipalium kewense.png 3,600 × 2,225; 5.34 MB
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Figure 05 (PeerJ 4672) - Bipalium kewense.png 3,200 × 1,600; 4.64 MB
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Figure 06 (PeerJ 4672) - Bipalium kewense + asterisk for mouth.png 3,000 × 3,000; 5.98 MB
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Figure 07 (PeerJ 4672) - Bipalium kewense predation.png 4,800 × 3,200; 13.48 MB
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Figure 08 (PeerJ 4672) - Bipalium kewense scissiparity.png 5,600 × 1,867; 11.52 MB
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Figure 09 (PeerJ 4672) - Bipalium kewense fragment.png 4,400 × 2,719; 5.16 MB
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Figure 10 (PeerJ 4672) - Diversibipalium multilineatum.png 5,800 × 3,585; 27.51 MB
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Figure 11 (PeerJ 4672) - Diversibipalium multilineatum.png 1,800 × 1,350; 2.21 MB
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Figure 12 (PeerJ 4672) - Diversibipalium multilineatum.png 2,100 × 1,298; 1.95 MB
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Figure 13 (PeerJ 4672) - Diversibipalium multilineatum.png 2,200 × 1,650; 3.05 MB
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Figure 14 (PeerJ 4672) - Diversibipalium multilineatum+ asterisk.png 4,000 × 3,000; 10.33 MB
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Figure 15 (PeerJ 4672) - Bipalium vagum - French Guiana.png 2,724 × 1,712; 8.21 MB
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Figure 16 (PeerJ 4672) - Bipalium vagum - Guadeloupe.png 2,256 × 2,022; 6.07 MB
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Figure 17 (PeerJ 4672) - Bipalium vagum - Martinique.png 2,862 × 2,862; 5.08 MB
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Figure 18 (PeerJ 4672) - Bipalium vagum - La Réunion.png 1,890 × 1,242; 4.42 MB
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Figure 19 (PeerJ 4672) - Bipalium black drawings.png 2,858 × 2,280; 103 KB
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Figure 20 (PeerJ 4672) - Diversibipalium black.png 2,097 × 2,097; 1.89 MB
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Figure 21 (PeerJ 4672) - Diversibipalium black.png 2,206 × 2,199; 3.54 MB
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Figure 22 (PeerJ 4672) - Diversibipalium blue.png 2,575 × 2,576; 5.93 MB
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Figure 23 (PeerJ 4672) - Diversibipalium blue.png 1,697 × 1,699; 4.92 MB
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Figure 24 (PeerJ 4672) - Diversibipalium blue.png 1,599 × 1,601; 4.18 MB
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Figure 25 (PeerJ 4672) - Diversibipalium blue.png 1,837 × 1,833; 4.95 MB
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Figure 26 (PeerJ 4672) - Diversibipalium blue.png 2,486 × 2,497; 8.76 MB
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Figure 27 (PeerJ 4672) - Map Bipalium - Pyrenees atlantiques.png 3,414 × 2,074; 1.3 MB
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Figure 28 (PeerJ 4672) - world map Bipalium.png 3,468 × 2,467; 248 KB
_-_Map_Bipalium.png)
_-_Molecular_Tree.png)
_-_Bipalium_kewense.png)
_-_Bipalium_kewense.png)
_-_Bipalium_kewense.png)
_-_Bipalium_kewense_%2B_asterisk_for_mouth.png)
_-_Bipalium_kewense_scissiparity.png){kind=small}
_-_Bipalium_kewense_fragment.png)
_-_Diversibipalium_multilineatum.png)
_-_Diversibipalium_multilineatum.png)
_-_Diversibipalium_multilineatum.png)
_-_Diversibipalium_multilineatum.png)
_-_Diversibipalium_multilineatum%2B_asterisk.png)
_-_Bipalium_vagum_-_French_Guiana.png)
_-_Bipalium_vagum_-_Guadeloupe.png)
_-_Bipalium_vagum_-_Martinique.png)
_-_Bipalium_vagum_-_La_R%C3%A9union.png)
_-_Bipalium_black_drawings.png)
_-_Diversibipalium_black.png)
_-_Diversibipalium_black.png)
_-_Diversibipalium_blue.png)
_-_Diversibipalium_blue.png)
_-_Diversibipalium_blue.png)
_-_Diversibipalium_blue.png)
_-_Diversibipalium_blue.png)
_-_Map_Bipalium_-_Pyrenees_atlantiques.png)
_-_world_map_Bipalium.png)