User:Holt/gallery

Tue Aug 11 11:45:26 CEST 2009

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  The runestone DR 381, located outside of Kulturhistorisk Museum in Rønne, Bornholm. The inscription reads ketilbarn. In English "Ketilbjôrn".
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  Detail of the runestone DR 381, located outside of Kulturhistorisk Museum in Rønne, Bornholm. The inscription reads ketilbarn. In English "Ketilbjôrn".

Tue Aug 11 11:23:41 CEST 2009

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• The runestone DR 409, located in Rø kirke, Bornholm. The inscription reads ... (f)þu : sin : uk : muþ : sina. In English "... his father and his mother."
  The runestone DR 409, located in Rø kirke, Bornholm. The inscription reads ... (f)þu : sin : uk : muþ : sina. In English "... his father and his mother."

Sat Nov 22 15:00:22 CET 2008

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• Image:Bewcastle_Cross,_West_Face.jpg UploadFileExistsException upload warning: fileexists

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  Captioned as "Fig. 18 Bewcastle Cross, South and West Faces."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 19 Bewcastle Cross, West Face."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 2 Bewcastle Cross, West Face."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 20 Bewcastle Cross, West Face, John the Baptist, Figure of Christ, and Runes.jpg"
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  Captioned as "Fig. 21 Bewcastle Cross, West Face, Runes."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 22. Collingwood's Plate of Runes (From Early Sculptured Crosses)."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 23 Bewcastle Cross, West Face, Falconer."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 24 Bewcastle Cross, North and West Faces."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 25 Bewcastle Cross, North Face, upper."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 26 Bewcastle Cross, North Face, lower."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 27. Bewcastle Cross, East Face."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 28 Bewcastle Cross, East Face, upper."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 29 Bewcastle Cross, East Face, lower."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 30 Bewcastle Cross, South Face."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 31 Bewcastle Cross, South Face, upper."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 32. Bewcastle Cross, South Face, lower."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 33. Maughan's (From Maughan, Memoir p. 33.)."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 33. (From Haigh, Conquest of Britain.)."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 33 Haigh's (From Maughan, Memoir p. 33.)."

Sat Nov 22 14:46:14 CET 2008

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  Captioned as "Fig. 1. The Ruthwell Cross, between 1823 and 1887."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 10. Ruthwell Cross, West Face, middle."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 11. Ruthwell Cross, West Face, near bottom."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 12. Ruthwell Cross, North Face, John the Baptist."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 13 Ruthwell Cross, North Face, Figure of Christ."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 13a Ruthwell Cross, North Face, Figure of Christ (From the Burlington Magazine)."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 14 Ruthwell Cross, North Face, Paul and Anthony, and Flight into Egypt."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 15 Ruthwell Cross, East Face, near top."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 16 Ruthwell Cross, East Face, middle."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 16a Ruthwell Cross, East Face, middle (From the Burlington Magazine)."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 17 Ruthwell Cross, East Face, near bottom."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 3. Ruthwell Cross, South and West Faces."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 4 Ruthwell Cross, South Face."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 5 Ruthwell Cross, South Face, Visitation."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 6 Ruthwell Cross, South Face, Anointing of Christ's Feet, and Healing of the Blind Man.jpg"
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  Captioned as "Fig. 7 Ruthwell Cross, South Face, Annunciation."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 8 Ruthwell Cross, South Face, Crucifixion."
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  Captioned as "Fig. 9. Ruthwell Cross, West Face, near top."

Gallery I. All photographs are taken by me. Illustrations are from old books.

Images of the Franks Casket from The Anglo-Saxon runic casket (Sat Oct 25 2008)

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  Front panel.
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  Back panel.
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  Lid.
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  Left panel.
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  Right panel.

Pages of the manuscript Computus Runicus (Thu Oct 16 2008)

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Drawings from second part of Svenska run-urkunder (Thu Oct 16 2008)

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  The runestone Sö 101. The inscription reads siriþr : kiarþi : bur : þosi : muþiR : alriks : tutiR : urms : fur * salu : hulmkirs : faþur : sukruþar buata * sis *. In English "Sigríðr, Alríkr's mother, Ormr's daughter, made this bridge for the soul of Holmgeirr, father of Sigrøðr, her husbandman."
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  The runestone Sö 113. The inscription reads : þaiR : situ : stin : suniR : þurkitils : auk : fulku hiar : faþur : auk : muþur : iftiR ' kiarþu ' trikila : In English "They placed the stone here, the sons of Þorketill and Folka, in memory of father and mother. (They) made (it) valiantly."
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  The runestone Sö 251. The inscription reads ÷ tisilfR × auk × ika × letu × raisa × st--n × þina × eftiR × sloþa × faþur × sin. In English "Díselfr and Inga had this stone raised in memory of Slóði, their father."
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  The runestone Sö 253. The inscription reads [kitilfast- × auk × ranfastr × auk × sigfastr × litu × kiara × mirki × at × þork-... faþur sin]. In English "Ketilfastr and Ragnfastr and Sigfastr had the landmark made in memory of Þork-.../Þorg-... , their father."
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  The runestone Sö 268. The inscription reads + hialmuiþr + raisti + stain + at * þorkut + sun sn + amuti + risti + runar +. In English "Hjalmviðr raised the stone in memory of Þorgautr, his son. Ámundi carved the runes."
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  The runestone Sö 294. The inscription reads [× uifastr × ... ...(i)huiþr × litu × raisa × at × ulf × faþur × sin ×]. In English "Véfastr and Sigviðr had (the stone) raised in memory of Ulfr, their father."
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  The runestone Sö 60. The inscription reads auþa : auk : ika * auk * erintis * þriþi * hafa * muþkur -þ um * karua * stain ra--- itiR * suain * faþur * sin auk : at kuþfast bruþr * sin * han uaR : sun : auþuR. In English "Auða and Inga and Erindís as the third, the mother and daughters have (achieved) the feat of making and raising(?) the stone in memory of Sveinn, their father, and in memory of Guðfastr, their brother. He was Auða's son."
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  The runestone Sö 70. The inscription reads [kitil]haufþi : auk : stinktil : þaiR : raistu stin [:] þansi : at : sikitl : bru[þur sin] sinalR : sunR : ulaufR *. In English "Ketilhôfði and Steinketill, Ólôf's able sons, they raised this stone in memory of Sigketill, their brother."
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  The runestone Sö 79. The inscription reads ...(a)nun (:) (a)uk (*) (þ)(i)... ...(t)(u) at f...(u)(r) (s)in : stai(f)inun : uk : h-i...-ntir(f) (þ)-...r... * i *. In English "... and ... carved(?) in memory of their father ... and ...-djarfr(?) ..."
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  The runestone Sö 9. The inscription reads barkuiþr × auk × þu : helka × raistu × stain × þansi : at * ulf : sun * sint * han × entaþis + miþ : ikuari + kuþ + hialbi + salu ulfs × In English "Bergviðr/Barkviðr and Helga, they raised this stone in memory of Ulfr, their son. He met his end with Ingvarr. May God help Ulfr's soul."
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  The runestone Sö 92. The inscription reads ... * lit * raisa * st... ... rysu * br(o)... * sin * ha... ... austr * bali ... In English "... had the stone raised ... Rysja(?), his brother. He ... east. Balli ..."
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  The runestone Sö 93. The inscription reads * naRrRiR : Rlefauin : isRnmik : a- ¶ -urþao : þyilR : auamnkti : ara : ¶ Rliku ¶ itf. The text is either nonsense or cipher runes. Stands together with Sö 95.
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  The runestones Sö 93 and Sö 95, located in Berga, Husby socken, Österrekarne härad.
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  The runestone Sö 93. The inscription reads * naRrRiR : Rlefauin : isRnmik : a- ¶ -urþao : þyilR : auamnkti : ara : ¶ Rliku ¶ itf. The text is either nonsense or cipher runes. Stands together with Sö 95.
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  The runestone Sö 95. There is no inscription. Stands together with Sö 93.
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  The runestone Sö 95. There is no inscription. Stands together with Sö 93.
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  The A-side of the runestone U 107. The inscription reads §A ke-lak- ' l-t ... ...tiR -emik ' -un sin ' auk ' iri-muntr (§B ifte × hulmf-iþi × kunu × sina + au(k) × ifte × unu × totur). In English "§A Geirlakr(?) had ... in memory of Hemingr, his son; and Erinmundr (§B in memory of Holmfríðr, his wife, and in memory of Una/Unna, (his) daughter).
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  The B-side of the runestone U 107. The inscription reads (§A ke-lak- ' l-t ... ...tiR -emik ' -un sin ' auk ' iri-muntr) §B ifte × hulmf-iþi × kunu × sina + au(k) × ifte × unu × totur. In English "(§A Geirlakr(?) had ... in memory of Hemingr, his son; and Erinmundr) §B in memory of Holmfríðr, his wife, and in memory of Una/Unna, (his) daughter.
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  The runestone U 133. The inscription reads + kuþluk * lit ... ... ... ...a × sun * sin * auk * at * sik * sialfa * han * to * a lank*barþa*l--ti * In English "Guðlaug had the stones raised in memory of Holmi, her son, and in memory of herself. He died in Lombardy."
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  The runestone U 136. The inscription reads × astriþr × la(t) + raisa × staina × þasa × [a]t austain × buta sin × is × suti × iursalir auk antaþis ub i × kirkum. In English "Ástríðr had these stones raised in memory of Eysteinn, her husbandman, who attacked Jerusalem and met his end up in Greece."
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  The runestone U 140. The inscription reads × ...la×b(a)... ... han : entaþis * i kirikium. In English "Jarlabanki ... He met his end in Greece."
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  The runestone U 163. The inscription reads k=lamal as=auk=a n=sa=u=kain=fa auk + farulfr + litu + rista × ili tfs=l'fR + þuri + R=ufa=kþ=au=mr=a s=lin × auk × kamal × iftiR × fusra sin f-str × iaRk In English "Gamall and Sveinn and Farulfr had the rock-slab carved in memory of Þórir, their father; and Gamall in memory of his foster-father. ...-fastr cut."
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  The runestone U 172. The inscription reads × kori × auk × inkaltr × au- ... ...[t]iR * biern : faþur × sin * kuþ i[a]... ... In English "Kári(?) and Ingjaldr and ... in memory of Bjôrn, their father. May God help ..."
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  The A-side of the runestone Sö 318. The inscription reads §A + ku[fi]nkR [+ au]k + hulmkaiR + li[tu * raisa + sta]in + at [+ ur]aiþ + faþur + sin [+ a]uk + [at] + uiborg * sy(s)[tu](r) [+ sin](a) * han + §B turuk(n)[a]þi + i + bagi + harmtauþ + [mukin + guþ + hial](b)(i) [+] (a)(n)[t] + þaiRa + auk + gus + moþiR. In English "§A Kylfingr and Holmgeirr had the stone raised in memory of Vreiðr, their father and in memory of Vébjôrg, their sister. He §B drowned in Bágr, a death of great grief. May God and God's mother help their spirits."
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  The runestone U 240. The inscription reads tan auk hus(k)arl + auk suain + auk hulmfriþr × þaun (m)(i)(þ)kin litu rita stin þino × aftiR halftan + fa(þ)ur þaiRa tans ' auk hum(f)riþr at buanta sin. In English "Danr and Húskarl and Sveinn and Holmfríðr, the mother and (her) sons, had this stone erected in memory of Halfdan, the father of Danr and his brothers; and Holmfríðr in memory of her husbandman."
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  The runestone U 249. The inscription reads kunuiþr * lit * stain * hkua * auk * kase * eftiR * suartaþa faþur * sin ma(n) k--na. In English "Gunnviðr had the stone cut, and Kasi/Kassi/Gási (too) in memory of Svarthôfði, their father, a good(?) man."
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  The runestone U 306. The inscription reads ikriþ * lit * hkua * stain * eftiR * iubiarn * auk * ikimar * aui * ikiuatr * auk * karl * auk ikriþr. In English "Ingríðr had the stone cut in memory of Jóbjôrn, and Ingimarr and Ingivaldr and Karl and Ingríðr (also had it cut)."
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  The runestone U 327. The inscription reads ... ris... ... [i]ftiR --in × sun × sin × uk × kirþi × bru × furiR an(s) × salu × baþ stanta × hia... ...þi u--... ...alt × --... In English "... raised ... in memory of Sveinn/Steinn, his son, and made the bridge for his soul. (He) ordered (it) to stand here ... ... ... ..."
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  The runestone U 339. The inscription reads [... × tufa × auk ... ...albi × ant × ...] In English "... Tófa/Tófi and ... may help (his) spirit ..."
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  The runestone U 385. The inscription reads ... ...tein : þentsa : eftR : krimulf : matu:no- ... In English "... this stone in memory of Grímulfr, (his) companion ..."
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  The runestone U 388. The inscription reads × [ul]fr [× a... ... -nk]imunt[r × au]k × [ai]... ... ...(n) × i... ... In English "Ulfr and ... Ingimundr and Ei-... ... the stone(?) in memory of(?) ..."
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  The runestone U 389. The inscription reads kilauh * auk * usi * þau * litu * raisa ... * þina * e-tR ----(a) sun arna. In English "Gillaug and <usi>, they had this stone raised in memory of ... Árni's son."
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  The runestone U 390. The inscription reads × sua[i]... ... ...sa × s(t)ain --... ...------... ...- × faþur sin × auk × frau×tis + at × ulf × bona × sin × kuþ × h... ... ...ans + In English "Sveinn [had] this stone raised in memory of ... his father and Freydís in memory of Ulfr, her/their husbandman. May God help his spirit. "
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  The runestone U . The inscription reads þurkl × auk + kisl + -itu + rais- ... þian + iftR + faþur sn + kans- ku- hialbi ant hans. In English "Þorkell and Gísl had this stone raised in memory of their father Gansi(?). May God help his spirit."
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  The runestone U 476. The inscription reads [× sulfa × auk × bui × karþu bru × þisa × eftiR × askair × uaR sun a... × -(þ)(u)(a)-] In English "Sylfa/Solfa and Búi made this bridge in memory of Ásgeirr, (who) was the son ... ..."
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  The runestone U 60. The inscription reads kirRþu þRir utr × lRt + rnesn × s=tnea + iftRr + bira fnþur + RkRkriþnr × hna × ohr × irfRkR uRþa × h...-...þ. In English "... Oddr had the stone raised in memory of Bjôrn, Ingifríðr's father. He was Viði's/Víði's heir ..."
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  The runestone U 639. The inscription reads [... ...tir : biarn : faþur : sin : uas su... ...] In English "... in memory of Bjôrn, his father; (who) was the son(?) ..."
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  The runestone U 651. The inscription reads * bel[e]ik[r * au]k [* hefton * auk * s]i-ig[r] * (r)aist(u) * [s](t)a[in * þina] * at * ulf * buruþur : s[in]. In English "Bleikr(?) and Halfdan(?) and <si-igr> raised this stone in memory of Ulfr, their brother."
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  The runestone U 656. The inscription reads [r]uþ[i]lfR * lit * kera * merki [* þisa * e]ftiR * agmunt * sun * sin [*] In English "Hróðelfr had these landmarks made in memory of Agmundr, her son."
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  The runestone U 663. The inscription reads osgun ' lit ' rita ' stain ' eftiR ' sun ' sen ' þorgisl. In English "Ásgunnr had the stone erected in memory of her son Þorgísl."
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  The runestone U 780. The inscription reads + ry-... yk + umsten + yk + stenbyrn + litu akua + sten + at + est + bruþur sin. In English "... and Holmsteinn and Steinbjôrn had the stone cut in memory of Eistr, their brother."
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  The runestone U 796. The inscription reads + se-rimr + lit + aku... ...-t + sun sin + afast + lifsten + iuk runi + þsa + at + kuþon trek +. In English "Sægrímr had (this) cut in memory of his son Áfastr. Lífsteinn cut these runes in memory of the good valiant man."
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  The runestone U 797. The inscription reads §P + yar + yk + kari + litu + akua ... ...s... ...(u)(s)-(e)(k)-(l) + faþur sen §Q + yar + yk + kari + litu + akua ... ...s... ... (u)(s)-(e)(k)-(l) + faþur sen. In English "§P Eyjarr(?) and Kári had ... cut ... ... their father. §Q Varr(?) and Kári had ... cut ... ... Ósníkinn(?), their father."
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  The runestone U 829. The inscription reads ' furkuntr * auk * kuanr * þnir * litu * hakua : stain : þinsa * at * anut faþur * sin * boanta * auþfriþaR * bali : risti * stan * þisa *. In English "Forkunnr and Gunnarr, they had this stone cut in memory of Ônundr, their father, Auðfríðr's husbandman. Balli carved this stone."
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  The runestone U 84. The inscription reads × -(s)kautr × lit × rai[sa × stai- -]... buenta -... In English "Ásgautr had the stone raised ... husbandman ..."
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  The runestone U 85. The inscription reads biorn : auk : fuluik : þaiR : litu : hakua : stain * ... sin. In English "Bjôrn and Fullugi(?), they had the stone cut ... their"
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  The runestone U 855. The inscription reads * inki-... [a]uk : iuker [:] þau : litu : raisa * stain : þina : a[t] * ais[t *] sun * sin : ernfastr * auk * þaiR * (b)ryþr * raist[u] * at * bru... ... In English "Ingi-... and Jógerðr, they had this stone raised in memory of Eistr, their son; Ernfastr and his brothers raised in memory of their brother."
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  The runestone U 870. The inscription reads ... ...k : onek[R :] (þ)ai[R] (l)itu : marka : stain : þ[insa : at rok br]oþu[r :] (s)[en] ... ...(þ)biarn : hiu. In English "... and Óhneigr(?), they had this stone marked in memory of Hrókr, their brother ... Auðbjôrn(?) cut."
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  The runestone U . The inscription reads × iokeR × auk × fastkeR × auk × au(r)(i)(k)r × litu * rita * sten × yftiR × borkeR × faþur sin frehn selfr * hiok × aurikr × yfti : sin * faþur * runi * þisa * roþi ' sa ' kuni. In English "Jógeirr and Fastgeirr and Auðríkr/Eyríkr had the stone erected in memory of Borggeirr, their acclaimed father. Auðríkr/Eyríkr cut these runes himself in memory of his father. Interpret, he who can."
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  The runestone U 94. The inscription reads --(l)ugi + ok kunar + litu + risa : stin + þina + iftiR + kiru + faþur ... ... halbi : hans ant. In English "Fullugi(?) and Gunnarr had this stone raised in memory of Geirrøðr(?), (their) father. ... May God help his spirit."
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  The runestone U 973. The inscription reads siriþ l... ...(u)n huki ' frenta ' sinum ' in ' iar ati ' rikr ' h(u)-... ... in ybir risti. In English "Sigríðr had ... her kinsman. And here the powerful owned ... ... And Œpir carved."
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  The runestone Ög 162. The inscription reads + hakun + karþi + bru + þasi + ian + su skal + haita + kunas + bru + iai saR + uaR × sua + hakunaR + In English "Hákon made this bridge and it will be called Gunnarr's bridge. And he was Hákon's son."
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  The A-side of the runestone Ög 224. The inscription reads §A : estriþ : ausualti : aukmuntr : þau : litu : rais:a §B : stain : þansi : aftiR : halftan : faþur : sin : auk : astriþ : at : bunta : sin : §C : kuþan : In English "§A Ástríðr, Ásvaldi, Augmundr, they had §B this stone raised in memory of Halfdan, their father; and Ástríðr in memory of her good husbandman."
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  The B-side of the runestone Ög 224. The inscription reads §A : estriþ : ausualti : aukmuntr : þau : litu : rais:a §B : stain : þansi : aftiR : halftan : faþur : sin : auk : astriþ : at : bunta : sin : §C : kuþan : In English "§A Ástríðr, Ásvaldi, Augmundr, they had §B this stone raised in memory of Halfdan, their father; and Ástríðr in memory of her good husbandman."

Drawings from first part of Svenska run-urkunder (Tue Sep 09 2008)

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  The runestone Sö 104. The inscription reads frkstin : riti : tsin : þina : at heþinfastþ : faþur sin : ulfr : o : (a)i(k)u a(l)ib :. In English "Freysteinn(?) erected this stone in memory of Heðinfastr, his father. Ulfr of Eikey(?).. "
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  The runestone Sö 111. The inscription reads * helki * auk * fraykaiR * auk * þorkautr * raistu * merki * siRun * at * þiuþmunt faþur * sin. In English "Helgi and Freygeirr and Þorgautr raised the rune-decorated landmark in memory of Þjóðmundr, their father." A Thor's Hammer is where the Christian cross usally is.
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  The runestone Sö 128. The inscription reads þoruþr : auk : stainbog : þaR : rasa : stan : at : moþur : sina * stanfriþi ak : kar : a(t) : kunu sina :. In English "Þórunnr and Steinbjôrg, they raise the stone in memory of their mother Steinfríðr; and Kárr in memory of his wife."
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  The runestone Sö 129. The inscription reads biurn : rais=þi : stain : þansi : iftiR : hailka : bruþur +. In English "Bjôrn raised this stone in memory of Helgi, (his) brother. "
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  The runestone Sö 130. The inscription reads §A fiuriR : kirþu : at : faþur : kuþan : tyrþ : trikela : at : tumara : miltan : urþa uk : mataR kuþan : þat * (u)-(h)---(u)--(u)(k)(þ) §B h=a l=f kirþu o. In English "§A Four (sons) made the magnificence in memory of (their) good father, valiantly in memory of Dómari/the judge, gentle in speech and free with food ... §B He(?) fell(?) in(?) Garðar(?) (Russia) ... "
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  The runestone Sö 133. The inscription reads × aiti × ris × isn : a=þis iR a=ta isbiun × hiu. In English "<aiti> raised ... in memory of <ata>. Ásbjôrn cut." Bind rune on the center of the stone.
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  The runestone Sö 14. The inscription reads rakna * raisti * stain * þansi * at * suin * buta * sit * auk * sifa * auk * r-knburk * at * sit * faþur * kuþ * hil[b]i * at * [hat]s * uit * iak * þet * uaR * sui- * uestr * miþ * kuti. In English "Ragna raised this stone in memory of Sveinn, her husbandman, and Sæfa and Ragnbjôrg in memory of their father. May God help his spirit. I know that Sveinn was in the west with Gautr/Knútr."
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  The runestone Sö 148. The inscription reads þiuþulfR : bui : þaiR : raisþu : stain þansi : at : farulf : faþur : sin : han uas antaþ austr i kaþ(u)(m). In English "Þjóðulfr (and) Búi, they raised this stone in memory of Farulfr, their father. He met his end in the east in Garðar (Russia)."
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  The runestone Sö 151. The inscription reads §A nesbiurn : sun : sbars : raiþi : --ai- ...-R : suin : bruþur : sin : þrutaR : ¶ þikn iunu unut nit * nb st ai : §B stan : iftiR : sui.... In English "§A Nesbjôrn, Sparr's son, raised the stone in memory of Sveinn, his brother, a Þegn of stregth. §B ... §C the stone in memory of Sveinn."
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  The runestone Sö 177. The inscription reads ragna : let × raisa × stain × þin(a) ... ... × sun × kuþbirnaR × trenk × ufi(l)an. In English "Ragna had this stone raised ... ... Guðbjôrn's son, an undaunted valiant man."
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  The runestone Sö 181. The inscription reads ... (k)uþ * hielbi * .... In English "... May God help ... "
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  The runestone Sö 190. The inscription reads * anun-[r] * auk * suara--r * auk * finuiþr * litu * raisa * stain * þinsa * iftiR * usl * faþur * --- * auk * biurn * at bruþur * sin * guþ hialbi * ant * ha[n]s * (þ)--(b)iurn * risti * runaR. In English "Ônundr and Svaraldr and Finnviðr had this stone raised in memory of Ásl/Ôsl, their father; and Bjôrn in memory of his brother. May God help his spirit. Þorbjôrn carved the runes."
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  The runestone Sö 202. The inscription reads : þurbyrna : resti : s(t)(a)i[n] --(n)a : yti : usbaka : faþur : sen ai ×× ati (k)(u)la:hui ×. In English "Þorbjôrn raised this stone in memory of(?) Óspaki, his father. He owned Kolhaugr(?)"
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  The runestone Sö 205. The inscription reads [ikialr : auk : uisti * stainulfr * þaiR * raistu * s]tain * at * karl * faþ[ur * sin * auk * kilaum * at * boan]ta * sin * auk * ika * at * sun * si[n *] (a)uk * irnkaiR * at * b[roþur * s(i)n *] [esbern * auk * tiþkumi * hiuku * runiR * arikaa : stkink]. In English "Ingjaldr and Véseti and Steinulfr, they raised the stone in memory of Karl, their father; and Gillaug in memory of her husbandman; and Inga in memory of her son; and Erngeirr in memory of his brother. Ásbjôrn and Tíðkumi cut the runes. Órœkja(?) painted(?)."
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  The runestone Sö 216. The inscription reads [(u)tar : auk : -... ... ...þis : a=ustr × ...uk-ma]. In English "Óttarr and ... ... met his end in the east ..."
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  The runestone Sö 217. The inscription reads + suertikr : nuk + kari : auk : kuþmutr : auk : skari : auk : knutr : raistu : stain : þena : aftiR : utruk * faþur : sin : is fel * i liþi : kuþuis +. In English "Svertingr and Kári and Guðmundr and Skári and Knútr raised this stone in memory of Ótryggr, their father, who fell in Guðvé's retinue."
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  The runestone Sö 218. The inscription reads × hulmkaiR × auk × s(t)ainbiar- -ai- ---u × h--ua × (i)(f)tiR × k(u)þ(l)(i)f × fa-u-. In English "Holmgeirr and Steinbjôrn, they had (this) cut in memory of Guðleifr, (their) father."
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  The runestone Sö 235. The inscription reads : kuþbiurn : auk : o...[n : litu : ... sta]in :* þin * at : uitirf : faþur : sin *. In English "Guðbjôrn and ... had this stone raised in memory of Védjarfr, their father."
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  The runestone Sö 241. The inscription reads uik-l(s) : a-- kiRhimR : litu : ri(s)- stin : iftiR : burþur sen : kuþbiarn : --biarn : hiuk : stin. In English "Végísl and Geirhjalmr had the stone raised in memory of their brother Guðbjôrn ...-bjôrn cut the stone."
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  The runestone Sö 259. The inscription reads ...kar : (l)... ... bruþru : [...þa...]. In English "... ... ... brother ..."
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  The runestone Sö 265. The inscription reads ka-i * raisti * stain : at : osur : sun : sin : auk : at : ulf. In English "Gási(?) raised the stone in memory of Ôzurr, his son, and in memory of Ulfr."
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  The runestone Sö 266. The inscription reads + iaurun : lit : raisa : stain : at * ontuit : sun : sin : auk * at * onunt*ar + osbiarn. In English "Jórunnr had the stone raised in memory of Andvéttr, his son, and in memory of Ônundr's. Ásbjôrn."
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  The runestone Sö 267. The inscription reads [hulfa... ...]. In English "Holmfastr ..."
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  The runestone Sö 273. The inscription reads + sikni(u)- + raisti + stai- -t + siR=uþr + faþur sin + siba --(o)þur. In English "Signjótr raised the stone in memory of Sigrøðr, his father, Sibbi's brother."
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  The runestone Sö 289. The inscription reads biurn * auk * hu... (r)i=s(þ)(u) s(t)(n) þ--a i(f)tiR kil(b)--... ...ur * -in kuþ h--l... ...u. In English "Bjôrn and Holm-... raised this stone in memory of Ketilbjôrn, their father. May God help (his) soul."
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  The runestone Sö 290. The inscription reads + þuriR + auk + suaen + litu + raisa + stain + at + uinut + baurþur + sen + sun * hlku *. In English "Þórir and Sveinn had the stone raised in memory of Vénjótr, their brother, Helga's son."
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  The runestone Sö 291. The inscription reads -a(r)-lfr/(þ)(o)(r)-lfr auk * ulfr : auk : sikstin : auk ...ar : þair : ristu : sain : þinsa : iftir : ualt faþur sin. In English "Farulfr(?)/Þórulfr(?) and Ulfr and Sigsteinn and Gunnarr(?), they raised this stone in memory of Hróaldr(?), their father."
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  The runestone Sö 292. The inscription reads + uihmar + (l)et + ra(i)-- + saen + þina + at + iaruta + mah + auk + felha + sin + auk + buþur + ka...a +. In English "Vígmarr had this stone raised in memory of Jôrundi/Jôrundr, his kinsman-by-marriage and partner and the brother ..."
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  The runestone Sö 296. The inscription reads × oskautrR : raisti : stain : þinsi : aftiR * airnfast : mu...[uþur sin : sun * kuþi(k)]s : uk * aftiR : ulafu kunu : sina : kairþi : oskutr : kuml : þausi +. In English "Ásgautr raised this stone in memory of Ernfastr, his mother's brother, Gyðingr's son, and in memory of Ólôf his wife. Ásgautr made these monuments."
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  The runestone Sö 298. The inscription reads × haur + nuk + karl + auk + sihia--r + auk + uihialmr + auk + kare + (l)--- -aisa + stain + þina + aftR + uihmar + faþr + sin +. In English "Haurr and Karl and Sighjalmr and Véhjalmr/Víghjalmr and Kári had this stone raised in memory of Vígmarr, their father."
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  The runestone Sö 299. The inscription reads onunr : uk þurfa... ... ... ...-r sino : þaiR kirþu bru. In English "Ônundr and Þorfastr ... ... their mother. They made the bridge."
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  The runestone Sö 31. The inscription reads [hrualtr : auk : ulef] raistu [: stai]... ...a at : þuri [: faþur kuþan : bunta : altr]ifaR [:]. In English "Hróaldr and Óleif/Óleifr raised this stone in memory of Þórir, (their) good father, Aldríf's husbandman."
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  The runestone Sö 329. The inscription reads [aimuntr : let ... ... (k)uþ salu * ha...]. In English "Eimundr had ... May God help his soul."
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  The runestone Sö 33. The inscription reads + gnubha ÷ liþ : raisa : stain : þinsa : hibtiR : kulaif : bruþur sin han : antaþis : austr : at þikum. In English "Gnúpa had this stone raised in memory of Gulleifr, his brother. He met his end in the east at the Assembly."
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  The runestone Sö 38. The inscription reads [...R : raisti : stain : þinsa : at : fraukiR : faþur : sin : kuþan : kuþ : hialbi : ant : ha(n)...]. In English "... raised this stone in memory of Freygeirr, his good father. May God help his spirit."
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  The runestone Sö 39. The inscription reads : hermoþr : lit : hagua : at : barkuiþ : bruþur : sin : h[an] trukn-þi : [a] lf:lanti :. In English "Hermóðr had (the rock) cut in memory of Bergviðr/Barkviðr, his brother. He drowned in Lífland."
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  it + mikla + man + (u)a uRn. In English "Tati/Tatti cut the great landmark in memory of his father Skakki/Skagi; may ..."
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  The runestone Sö 43. The inscription reads ... þina af(i)... ...ua faþur ... ... hialbi a[t ans + R]. In English "... this in memory of Salvi(?), his father. May God help his spirit ... "
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  The runestone Sö 57. The inscription reads [bali : auk : ufaikR : raisþu : st=ain : at : suarthafþ(a) bruþur : sin]. In English "Balli and Ófeigr raised the stone in memory of Svarthôfði, their brother."
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  The runestone Sö 85. The inscription reads : ansuar : auk : ern... ... [: faþur sin : han : enta]þis : ut i : krikum (r)uþr : ---...unk------an-----. In English "Andsvarr and Ern-... ... their father. He met his end abroad in Greece. ... ... "
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  The runestone Sö 98. The inscription reads ... × risti × run × Rft... .... In English "... carved the runes in memory of ..." 39 cm in diameter.
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  The runestone U 124. The inscription reads + anutr + auk × þorkiRsl × þaiR × lRtu × rasa × stain × ifR + askaut +. In English "Ônundr and Þorgísl, they had the stone raised in memory of Ásgautr."
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  A runestone from Södermanland, Rönö härad, Lid socken, stora Lundby. (According to Svenska run-urkunder,)

Woodcuts from book four of Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus (Wed Sep 03 2008)

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  This woodcut shows the army of Tengild, the king of Finnmark. In the wintry landscape we see men riding reindeer, by foot or skiing. They are going into battle with Arngrimm, allied with the king of Denmark, and his men.
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  Here we see Arngrimm (with the crown) and his men which, to support the Danish king, defeated king Tengild of Finnmark and king Egbert of Bjarmaland in a hard battle.
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  Lapps in the Finnmark are defending themselves against seafarers they believe are pirates. The fire on the shore is a trick to get ships to run aground.
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  The woodcut shows three laps on skis and dressed in fur coats. They have risen their arms – two of them with bow and arrow and one with spear and some kind of sabre.
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  To the left a Muscovite showing a false coin. Next a Swede, armed with broadaxe, bow and arrow and sword. Next a Lap in fur coat and with bow and arrow. To the right a Geat with a crossbow.
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  We see barter between Nordic people (to the left) and Russians (to the right). The Nordic people is offering dried pike fish, flour, axes, knives, scissors, cloth etc. The Russians offer skins, butter (?), arrows and bows etc.
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  This is a scene from River Fyrisån in Uppsala. It is winter, the full moon shines on the dark sky. Traders are seen on the ice with their merchandise. We can see a crossbow, axe, knife, tongs, scissors and other tools, barrels, a metal jug etc.
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  A marriage is confirmed in presence of parents and relatives by stroking steel and flint stone together. This ritual is executed by the man to the left. The wedding meal is being prepared. Fires are burning and fishes are ready to be fried. A large jug and drinking vessels are seen.
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  Three women and three men dance to the music from a bagpipe and a string instrument played with bow.
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  This scene takes place in Lapland. The full moon in the sky symbolizes midwinter. At the left a man is out hunting. To the right an official (birkarl) is riding on a reindeer. Below a man is sewing together sinews from reindeers outside a house.
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  Three men are building a boat. The man to the left is sewing together two boards on the port side. The man in the foreground forms other boards with an axe. The man behind mounts the last board on the starboard side. A rowing boat is seen in the water.
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  The woodcut shows four Laps of different ages practising archery. Behind them their tents. The 3rd person from the left wears a bear skin with the bear’s head as a hood. Some birds are flying in the sky.
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  The picture shows three hunters with skis. You can see a sporting dog in the foreground and fleeing reindeers in the background.
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  The woodcut shows a merchant who travels with his packhorse over the mountains between Sweden and Norway. Both the horse and the man wear snow shoes. A disc with similar function is fitted on the man's staff.
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  To the left four men armed with crossbows. Two travellers are seen in this wild country. The one in the middle leads a packhorse, the one to the right rides. Note that they travel unarmed. A reindeer and a bird are seen among the high mountains (fjell).
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  A scene from Iceland. In old times there existed a law that granted rewards for killing of ravens and other pests. To the left a raven is attacking a pig. In the middle a hunter with a crossbow that shows raven heads to the sheriff to the right. The sheriff has money in his hand.
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  An old man wants to get down a steep snowy mountain side. He is placed on a bear skin pulled by a horse. A son or a servant holds the horse.
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  To the left of the woodcut two travellers which are greeted welcome by the host in the middle. A table is made ready to the right and a man in the doorway is carrying a jug. The tree without twigs means “welcome”.
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  The symbol in the middle could be an ear (grain), used as a votive gift to Saint Erik. In this chapter Olaus Magnus praises his brother Johannes Magnus, earlier Archbishop of Sweden. When this is written, however, Sweden had converted to the Lutheran faith, a fact that the author naturally condemns.
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  A Lap and his with skis on their feet approaches a church where the Christening will take place. They are dressed in coats of fur. On their backs they carry baskets with two children each. The baskets probably also contains gifts to the priest.

Woodcuts from book three of Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus (Wed Sep 03 2008)

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  The woodcut shows praying people and two altars, one with a snake and one with a fire.
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  Four persons are praying in front of a cloth on a pole. Around the pole animal bones from burnt offerings are seen. We also see the moon, the sun, a bird, animals and a fish – all things that the people worship.
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  To the left Frigg with sword and bow. In the middle Tor (Thor) with crown and spire sitting on a throne. To the right Oden (Odin) heavily armed.
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  It is not easy to identify which gods the woodcut allude to. Perhaps they are from left to right: Methotin/Mitoden (with a skull on his head), Rostiophus and Frö.
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  To the left the armed Oden (Odin), in the middle Tor (Thor) and to the right a god of the Byzantium. A dog is sleeping in the background.
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  The woodcut illustrates the temple at Old Uppsala which was devoted to the Gods of the Aesis cult. Olaus Magnus writes that it shimmers with a golden lustre. From the golden roof hangs a golden chain which is winding all around the building. To the right a spring in which a person is going to be drowned as a sacrifice.
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  Two humans are sacrificed on this picture. One is drowned in a holy spring and one is burned. The man with a sword symbolizes probably another way of sacrificing of humans. To the right worshipping people.
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  The men hear thunder in the sky. They believe that their holy gods are attacked by other gods. Therefore they shoot arrows up into the sky help their gods in the fight.
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  The warriors are not satisfied how their warfare is proceeding. They accuse their gods of not give them enough support. Therefore they threaten the gods with arms.
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  A king (Höder) is visiting a cave where Maids of the Woods are living. They are powerful and he wants their support. Two of the maids are crowned.
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  Six creatures, their appearance probably inspired by the look of fauns etc. in other cultures, dance around a circle. One creature is playing a string instrument and another bag pipe.
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  To the left the king Gorm, Broder and Buke which have travelled so far north that no daylight could be seen. At this place they get attacked by the supernatural creatures to the right on the woodcut.
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  The woodcut shows a soothsayer in front of a king. We can see some of the signs in the nature the soothsayer uses: stars, fishes and sounds from the mountains.
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  Erik Väderhatt was a Swedish king who could control the force and direction of the winds with his hat. It is he who leads the army to the right. The crowed hats to the left symbolizes his power to change the winds. In this case so the ship will go in his direction.
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  The witch to the right develops a terrible storm by emptying her pot with magic potion into the sea. A ship is wrecked in the storm. A man is holding her magic pole with a horse head on top. The moon is darkened by her magic force.
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  The picture shows a scene from Finland where many of the inhabitants had magic forces. A speciality was to sell suitable winds to merchant sailors. The man to the right sells a rope with three knots to the captain of the ship. If you loose one knot, you get mild winds. Two knots gives stronger winds and three hard storms. The crew of the sinking ship in the background have not believed in this magic and loosed the third knot.
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  The woodcut shows the secret chamber of a Wizard in the Swedish province of Norrbotten. The wizard has manufactured a magic snake and a toad of copper at the anvil. This magic work has sent into a trance. His right hand is resting on a skull. Above him stands his wife, guarding him. A dragon is also seen near the window.
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  The magician Holler (also called Ull) stands on a bone from an animal. With help of this and the stick over his left shoulder he is able to travel across the seas. The stick seems to produce the necessary winds. On the shore (perhaps Iceland) a knight on a horse and a princess in a window.
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  The woodcut shows Visingsö in Lake Vättern in Sweden. In a cave the Wizard Gilbert is fettered with two rune staffs. On the road to the left we see tow men with torches which are looking for the cave.
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  This woodcut illustrates a story of a witch from England, not from the North. As a punishment for her evil deeds, all her family died. In her despair, she asked to be buried alive. To the right we see the empty sarcophagus she was buried in and the three chains that sealed it. The grave was broken up and the devil now takes her away on his horse.
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  To the left a gnome who is cutting stones in the underground. In the middle a supernatural creature is working in a stable. At the bottom right corner a wind troll with passengers are going by boat without using sails. At the top left corner a witch riding backwards on a dragon. At the top right a coach is driving without horse.

Woodcuts from book two of Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus (Tue Sep 02 2008)

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  The woodcut shows a landscape from Iceland. To the left a lake “burning of fire and sulphur” and to the right a volcano.
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  We see three volcanoes in Iceland: Hekla, Kreusberg (?) and Helgafjell. Below three hot sources.
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  To the left a depiction of the Cathedral of Skalholt with gravestones below. To the right shadows of five drowned men. To the extreme right a wrecked ship with two drowning men in the sea.
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  We see the mountain Skuluberget in the northern Swedish province Ångermanland. Skuluberget lies at the Höga Kusten (High Coast) area, placed at UNESCO's World Heritage List. In reality the mountain is only 294 m high, but Olaus Magnus writes that the top is covered with snow the whole year. The woodcut shows it as reaching over the clouds. In the shoreline there are rifts in the rock causing terrible noises.
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  The woodcut shows a rock in shape of a monk’s frock which is situated in the sea south of the main part of the Faeroe Islands. The Sea Monk (in Danish “Munken”) has a safe harbour. To the right we see a wrecked ship. At the island above a raven.
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  To the left is the cliff of Bjuröklubb, the most eastern part of the province of Västerbotten. Olaus Magnus described the top of the cliff seen from distance as a crown with three points. Around the cliff are flat rocks where fish are dried, which also is seen on the woodcut. Six seals surround a small island.
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  The dangerous Maelstrom is according to Olaus Magnus located between the islands of Röst and Lofoten at the Norwegian coast. Note that Röst in reality is situated south of Lofoten.
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  The woodcut shows Iceland surrounded by drift ice. Sounds are heard from the ground when the ice break against the sharp rocks at the coast.
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  We see a shipwreck outside the coast of Greenland. On shore there are two houses built of whale bones.
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  On south Greenland we see a dwarf fight with a normal man. At top a whale bone house. To the right the rock Hvitsark which according to Olaus Magnus lies in the Denmark sound between Greenland and Iceland. On this rock a compass rose is carved in the stone with lines and circles filled with lead.
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  At top two cranes with candles in their beaks illustrating an old Swedish locution (tranan bär ljus i säng). The rest of the woodcut illustrates the old tale of the dwarfs of Greenland and their constant fights against hordes of cranes.
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  To the left we see a ship approaching the coast. A sailor is sounding the depth. The anchor is hanging ready at the bow. To the right a man is standing on the shore, also sounding the depth with a line provided with a large lead weight.
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  To the left four men armed with crossbows. Two travellers are seen in this wild country. The one in the middle leads a packhorse, the one to the right rides a horse. Note that they travel unarmed. A reindeer and a bird are seen among the high mountains (fjell/fjäll).
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  We see the pilgrim route between Nidaros (Trondheim) in Norway and Jämtland in Sweden. High stone statues, donated by ancient pious Norwegian kings, are raised along the route. At bottom left a monk. In the middle a man armed with a sword and spear leads a packhorse. To the right a man, probably a Lap, on skis and with bow and arrow.
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  Glow-worms are flying around the trees in the darkness. Torches of decayed oak bark are placed along the route. A man with an axe and a crossbow travels along the way. At bottom left a river with a rowing boat and a fisherman.
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  A man and a woman carry torches in their mouths in order to have both hands free. The man seems to come from an outside pantry with a can of beer and a basket with food. The woman is spinning with a distaff. She carries spare torches in her belt. A dog is sleeping in the background.
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  The woodcut shows the two Swedish rivers Indalsälven (top) and Ljungan (below). It is spring and the annual flood from the melting snow in the mountains destroys houses and trees. Even a church is hit.
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  Olaus Magnus shows us a chart with the Swedish lakes Vänern, Vättern and Mälaren. At Vättern (Veter) we can see the monastery of Vadstena. Vänern (Vener) has its outlet to the left via river Göta Älv. Symbols for iron- copper- and silver mines can be seen above Mälaren (Meler). The castle at the bottom right symbolizes Stockholm. The chart is drawn with north-west upwards.
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  The lake is Vänern. To the left Trollhättan with its large and noisy waterfalls. The church with one tower represents the town of Lidköping, while the church with two towers is the cathedral of Skara. Two robbers with crossbows leave their cave in order to attack two unarmed civil horse riders. To the right a soldier with a lance.
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  The castle of Årnäs (in earlier days Aranäs) is today only a ruin, located on the south shore of Lake Vänern. On the woodcut we see it in old days. The main gate at the front is the only existing entrance to the land side. To the left the swamps on the south side of the castle. At the water side, the castle is surrounded by wooden bars, held together with chains.
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  The woodcut shows Öland. The southern part is to left in the picture and the north to the right. We see how the island is built up of layers of limestone. The castle on Öland is Borgholm. The mainland is a part of Småland. Two crossbows are seen. The arms of this province consist of a lion carrying a crossbow. The castles are to the left is Kalmar, to the right Stäkeholm. The crowned rock is "Blå jungfrun" ("the Blue Virgin"). This cliff was believed to be a place where witches had meetings with the devil.
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  Gotland in the Baltic Sea is shown from the east. The castle to the right represents the old Hanseatic town of Visby with its ring wall.
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  In the middle the harbour of Hangö on the south coast of Finland. The castle to left is the old bishop’s residence at Kustö. The coat of arms from left: Sture, Roos, Tott, Gyllenstjerna, Svealand, Götaland, Vasa, Natt och Dag and Läma.
• 
  Snow falls down from the clouds. The sound waves from the mountains illustrate magnetic phenomena in the ground. Nine barrels are seen to the left, unknown why. To the right a lake (or the open sea) with ice floes.
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  The woodcut shows a natural harbour in the archipelago outside Stockholm. This place has since the 16th Century been an anchorage for the Swedish Navy. To the left the island of Gubbholmen with five rocks that according to Olaus Magnus look like helmets. To the right the island of Älvsnabben with the cape of Jutnabben. At top Muskö. The animals are hares. Note that north is on the right side of this map, west at top and so on.
• 
  This part of Sweden is seen from the east. The castle at the upper right corner is Stockholm. The large island is Värmdö. Smaller ships can sail the short but narrow passage (Baggenstäket) in the middle of the woodcut to reach Stockholm. Larger ships have to sail the long and difficult route north of Värmdö trough the archipelago. The land area south of Baggenstäket is Södertörn, where three rune stones are seen.
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  The woodcut shows a coastline with many dangerous rocks in the sea. Probably is scene from a part of the archipelago of Tjust on the east coast of Sweden.
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  North is at bottom and south is at top of this woodcut. The bay is Bråviken and the town at its end is Norrköping. The river floating trough the town is Motala Ström. A salmon swims upstreams. Strange cliff formations are seen on the north shore. Eleven dots symbolizing iron mines are seen in the south.
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  The picture is dominated by three hills with rune stones at their tops. Below springs continuing in streams, two of them with watermills.

Woodcuts from book one of Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus (Tue Sep 02 2008)

• 
  The star at the top of this woodcut is the Pole Star, a star permanently in position over the North Pole. The sun at the bottom left shows that daylight in the polar areas begins before the sun rises. The sun to the right shows the fact that the sun never reaches zenith.
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  The picture is divided in a light part (with the sun) and a dark part (with the moon). This illustrates that the year in the far North consist of one day and one night only. The latin word “LUX” means “light”, the word “TENEBRA” means “darkness.
• 
  The woodcut illustrates the legend of the seven brothers sleeping in a cave at foot of high mountain at the shore of the ocean. The place is located in the high north where the cold and unpleasant wind “Circius” reigns. The men are dressed like the people in the old Rome and have been sleeping for many years.
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  The picture shows a hunter with skis, otherwise there are no signs of winter. The trees are green, fishes are drying in the air. The man is hunting a capercaillie and a hind.
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  The picture shows three hunters with skis. You can see a sporting dog in the foreground and fleeing reindeers in the background.
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  We see a ship surrounded by winds from all directions.
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  The woodcut shows a naval ship with a man aft studying the weather. In front of him is a compass (incorrectly) divided into thirteen points.
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  Winds are according to Olaus Magnus created when cold vapours (left) mix with hot vapours (right).
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  The picture at top show the effects of the cold and dry winds Circius (from NNW) and Aquilo (from NNE). The picture at the bottom show Occidens (from the west) is cold and humid, Auster (from the south) is warm and humid. Oriens (from the east) brings in this case snow.
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  Here we see a rider with a sword who tries to escape from the strong gale blowing from the west.
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  A tornado is blowing from right to left on the picture. A tree is pulled up from the ground. The church to the right loses its spire and the house nearby loses its roof.
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  This woodcut shows the lightning strike a tree. A farmer tries to protect his cattle from the lightning by blowing in a horn. The cattle are attacked by insects.
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  The woodcut shows the dangers of the lightning. The church in the middle is ablaze. The cattle and the trees have been stricken by the lightning. A man in a boat with two animals tries to escape. The boat is of the type used on streaming rivers in the north of Sweden.
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  The woodcut shows a parhelion phenomena on the sky. The four cardinal points are indicated: ME = south, OR = east, S = north and OC = west. A ship is wrecked in a terrible storm. Two surviving members of the crew are seen among the waves.
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  Also this woodcut shows parheliona in the sky. To the left a comet from the sky that kills some cattle. Olaus Magnus has probably the famous periheliona in Stockholm 1534 in mind. This phenomena is documented on the painting “Vädersolstavlan”.
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  The picture shows a halo phenomena.
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  An illustration that shows halo phenomena around the sun.
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  The artist depicts three lunar halos in this woodcut.
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  This woodcut illustrates the hard cold at the sunset. It is “fuming” from the open water. The men are dressed in coats, hats and boots of fur.
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  A scene from the north. To the left a Laplander’s sledge (ackja) pulled by a reindeer. To the right people travelling by horse and sleigh. It is snowing so much that the visibility is poor.
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  To the left a river tumbling down from a mountain. At the top of the river there are ice floes. There are faces in the river, unknown why. In the middle stands a church with a firehouse in the front. To the right there is a house with long icicles.
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  The two squares at left top are windows with covered with ice. At left bottom a snowfall. To the right we see snow chrystals.
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  On this woodcut Olaus Magnus shows a Snow Castle with defenders to the left. It is attacked by other boys who tries to intrude trough tunnels and who are bombarding them with snowballs. Behind a snow-wall in the middle of the picture, some faces are seen. It is boys which brings forward “battering rams” under protection of storming screen.
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  The woodcut shows a race with horse towards a goal consisting of a flag with two crossed arrows. The horses are galloping. The horses seem to be equipped with crampons at their feet. The horses have no saddles.
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  The way on the ice is strangely only marked with one single tree. The house to the right seems to been built of stone directly on the ice, perhaps not very realistic. The inns are marked with wreaths on poles. The artist shows a rider and a horse and sleigh. There is a hole in the ice in the nearest left corner.
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  A man transports four barrels in a sledge pulled by a horse. They travel on an ice floe. There is large parts of open water on the illustration.
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  Up in left corner there are some primitive skates. Nearby a pair of felt shoes. Under the shoes are drawn different types of ice axes. Still lower there are ice shoes with crampons. In the middle of the woodcut there are horseshoes used on the ice. The things to the right were fishing gear.
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  The woodcut shows a part of the Province of Västergötland. To the left the waterfalls of Trollhättan. Lake Vänern is diminished. We see the river mouths of the Provinces Dalsland and Värmland in the north. Left of these Frändefors. At extreme right the castle of Aranäs and SW the town of Lidköping. South of this Skara with the towers of its cathedral. On the cape in the middle rises Kinnekulle. At bottom the monuments which Olaus Magnus tells about in this chapter.
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  The woodcut shows ancient gravestones from Sweden.
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  This picture illustrates the old tale of two Swedish brothers which got the prediction when they were young that they would kill each other. To avoid this, they separated and both moved other countries far away. But when they were old men they returned to Sweden. Near the town of Jönköping they met without recognizing each other. Their dogs began to fight and the men began to quarrel because of this. It ended with a fight in which both died.
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  The woodcut shows two clocks with works and faces. The clock-face to the left has Arabic numerals, the other numerals of Latin type. At bottom (in the middle) is a sundial formed as a semicircle. The text numerals of runes.
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  In the north the sun never rise high above the horizon. In many places you can see the sun just over mountain tops at fixed times every day. The woodcut illustrates this simple way to measure the time.
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  This woodcut shows a father teaches his son and a mother teaches her daughter how to use and read rune staffs.
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  The round ribbon in the middle symbolizes the year. We recognize the months (A = April, M = May, I = June etc.). The winter months give much snow and a little of thunderstorms. The summer months give rain and much thunder. At bottom two wise men with rune staffs.
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  Olaus Magnus shows here the rune alphabet used in Sweden of the Geats and also of the Swedes. The author uses the designation "Alphabetum Gothicum".

Starkaðr from Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus (Sun Aug 24 2008)

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  Starkaðr holding two rune staffs. On the rune staffs are written in Latin "Starcaterus pugil Suctius". From Olaus Magnus' "Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus".
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  The woodcut illustrates the story tale how Starkaðr helped the Norwegian king Helge to fight against nine unjust fighters. From Olaus Magnus' "Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus".
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  Starkaðr is on his way to the Danish king Ingell. He carries a broadsword and a sack of coal with which he will ”sharpen” the dull king of Denmark. King Ingell is sitting with a mistress under the trees to the right. From Olaus Magnus' "Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus".
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  Starkaðr stands a the victor on a battlefield full of dead bodies, cut limbs, broken weapons and pieces of suits of armour. From Olaus Magnus' "Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus".
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  In the right part of the woodcut Starkaðr leads the Swedish forces to victory with a lifted broadsword in one hand. The flags with the Lion of Göta and the Three Crowns are flying high. An archer is seen forward of Starkaðr. From Olaus Magnus' "Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus".
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  To the left we see Starkaðr, old and tired of living, hands over his sword and an amount of gold to Hather. Starkater has once killed Hathers father. Now Starkaðr persuades Hather to kill him. From Olaus Magnus' "Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus".

Viking Ship Museum, Oslo (Fri Jun 06 2008)

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  The back bow of the Oseberg ship.
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  Detail from the back bow of the Oseberg ship.
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  A low-quality picture of one of the object displays at the Viking ship museum, showing a sketch of the whole Oseberg ship.
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  The back bow of the Oseberg ship.
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  Almost the whole Oseberg ship viewed from the backmost point.
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  The back part of the Oseberg ship.
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  The back bow of the Oseberg ship.
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  Part of the Tune ship.
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  The Tune ship, as seen from the front.
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  The wagon from the Oseberg excavation.
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  The Gokstad ship.
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  One of the bows of the Gokstad ship.
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  The tiller (?) of the Gokstad ship, behind a protective glass wall.

Museum of Cultural History, Oslo (Fri Jun 06 2008)

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  The Dynna runestone, as displayed in the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo, Norway.
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  A detail from the Dynna runestone, as displayed in the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo, Norway.
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  One side of the Alstad runestone as displayed in the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo, Norway.
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  One side of the Alstad runestone as displayed in the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo, Norway.
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  One side of the Alstad runestone as displayed in the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo, Norway.
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  One side of the Tune runestone, as displayed in the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo, Norway.
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  Closeup of the Tune runestone, as displayed in the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo, Norway.
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  One side of the Tune runestone, as displayed in the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo, Norway.
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  One side of the Tune runestone, as displayed in the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo, Norway.

National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen (Wed May 28 2008)

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  This runestone (Dr 216) was located in Tirsted on the island of Lolland, Denmark. It is now housed in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  This runestone (Dr 216) was located in Tirsted on the island of Lolland, Denmark. It is now housed in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  This runestone (Dr 216) was located in Tirsted on the island of Lolland, Denmark. It is now housed in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  The Snoldelev runestone, now housed in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  Detail of swastika on the Snoldelev runestone.
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  Detail of swastika on the Snoldelev runestone.
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  Detail of triskel drinking horns on the Snoldelev runestone.
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  The Snoldelev runestone, now housed in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  The Egå runestone, found in eastern Jutland, Denmark. Now located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  The Egå runestone, found in eastern Jutland, Denmark. Now located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  The Bregninge runestone, found in Bregninge, Lolland, Denmark. Now located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  The Bregninge runestone, found in Bregninge, Lolland, Denmark. Now located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  Detail from the Bregninge runestone, found in Bregninge, Lolland, Denmark. Now located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  One of the sides of the Vordingborg runestone. It is now located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  One of the sides of the Vordingborg runestone. It is now located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  One of the sides of the Vordingborg runestone. It is now located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  The A side of the Sandby III runestone found in Sandby, southern Zealand, Denmark. Located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  One of the sides of the Tryggevælde runestone, now located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  One of the sides of the Tryggevælde runestone, now located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  The Tårnborg runestone, found in Tårnborg, western Zealand, Denmark. Located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  The Glenstrup I runestone from Denmark, located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  The Asferg runestone found in Asferg, eastern Jutland, Denmark. Located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  The Asferg runestone found in Asferg, eastern Jutland, Denmark. Located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  The Asferg runestone found in Asferg, eastern Jutland, Denmark. Located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.
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  The Sønder Kirkeby runestone from Falster, Denmark. Located in the National Museum of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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  The Sønder Kirkeby runestone from Falster, Denmark. Located in the National Museum of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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  The B side of the Sandby III runestone found in Sandby, southern Zealand, Denmark. Located in the National Museum of Copenhagen.