Traditional Chinese subtitles for clip: File:Zika virus video osmosis.webm

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There are a lot of viruses out there that
can infect humans, but two things that can
很多病毒會感染人類
但真正可怕的是

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get really alarming is when a virus spreads
quickly and when it causes serious harm. Zika
可以快速散播，殺傷力強的病毒

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virus has the potential to do both of these
things, which is why it’s gotten a lot of
茲卡病毒恰好就是這樣
因此特別受到關注。

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attention. Given this, it makes sense to understand
a bit about Zika virus and the disease it
我們就來介紹茲卡病毒的成因

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causes.
以及它所引發的病症。

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Zika virus is an arbovirus, meaning it’s
transmitted via certain arthropods, specifically
茲卡病毒是蟲媒病毒
由節肢動物傳染，

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mosquitos, so it’s a mosquito-borne virus.
Mosquito-borne doesn’t mean that the virus
尤其是蚊子。

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is “born” in the mosquito, though, but
it’s “borne”, with an ‘e’, which
病毒不是由蚊子產生

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means carried or transported. Sometimes we
call organisms like this “vectors”, where
而是由蚊子傳播，
所以蚊子稱為病媒動物。

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all they do is transport the virus. So with
Zika virus, just like other mosquito-borne
除了茲卡病毒以外，
蚊子傳播的病毒

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viruses like dengue fever, yellow fever, Japanese
encephalitis, and West Nile virus, the mosquito
還包括登革熱、黃熱病、日本腦炎
和西尼羅河病毒。

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acts as a vector that transmits the virus
from one person to the next. These viruses
蚊子四處傳播的這些病毒

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are all in the genus flavivirus.
都屬於黃病毒。

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In order to mature her offspring, female mosquitoes
need a blood-meal, which they get from unsuspecting
為了繁殖，雌蚊需從宿主身上
吸食大量血液補充體力。

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hosts. Mosquitoes find their blood-meals using
chemical compounds that we and other organisms
蚊子要找到宿主吸血
得靠宿主身上排出的化合物

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give off, like carbon dioxide, ammonia, lactic
acid, and octenol. So when a mosquito that
例如二氧化碳、氨、
乳酸，和辛烯醇。因此，

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also happens to be carrying the virus finds
her meal and digs in, the virus infects the
帶病毒的蚊子找到目標
叮咬後，病毒便由此感染

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human host and starts to multiply or reproduce
within the human. With most flaviviruses though,
並在人的體內繁殖。
多數的黃病毒

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the virus isn’t able to replicate enough
in the human host to actually be able to reinfect
在人體內繁殖速度不夠快
不會傳給另一只蚊子，

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another mosquito, and so the human is considered
a dead-end-host. However, the Zika virus,
所以人是病毒的最終宿主。
不過茲卡病毒

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along with yellow and dengue fever, is well
enough adapted to human hosts such that they
跟黃熱病和登革熱一樣
容易適應人的體質，

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can multiply to a point where it can re-infect
another unsuspecting mosquito, which can then
所以繁殖迅速，
足以傳給另一只蚊子

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go on to infect more people. This window lasts
for the first week of infection, during which
再傳給其他的人。
關鍵的階段就在感染後第一週，

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the Zika virus can be found in the blood.
So if humans with the disease can transmit
這時候病毒就在患者血液裡
很容易再傳回給蚊子，

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back to mosquitoes then you can imagine that
areas where there’re a lot of mosquitoes,
可想而知蚊子多的地方

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would be a set-up for spreading the virus
super quickly, right?
 就是病毒最容易傳播的地方。

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Now the Zika virus is transmitted via mosquitos
in the Aedes genus. These blood thirsty little
茲卡病毒是以黑斑蚊為媒介。
這些愛吸血的小東西

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guys can bite at night, but are mostly active
during the daytime. Aedes mosquitoes are also
夜裡會叮人，白天更活耀。
黑斑蚊除了傳染茲卡病毒，

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the same ones that transmit Chikungunya fever
and dengue fever. When Aedes aegypti or Aedes
也傳染屈公病和登革熱。
能傳染病菌的黑斑蚊有兩種，

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albopictus, both species of Aedes mosquito,
lands on your skin and sticks in it’s long
就是白紋伊蚊或埃及斑蚊。

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nose—or proboscis, it pierces the epidermis
which is the topmost layer, composed almost
它們以長喙刺穿表皮吸血，

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entirely of keratinocytes. Keratinocytes basically
serve to protect against foreign pathogens,
表皮是角質細胞組成的，
可以抵擋病原體，

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and it’s typically pretty good at that.
That proboscis though keeps going into the
通常可以有效防止病菌侵入。
但蚊子的喙卻能穿入真皮層，

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dermis, since the epidermis just gets oxygen
from the air and doesn’t have its own blood
因為表皮沒有血管，
能從空氣中直接吸收氧氣，

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supply, whereas the dermis does, and this
is what our mosquito’s after, right, the
真皮才有血管，
這才是蚊子的下手的目標。

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blood meal. Since the proboscis goes through
both the epidermal and dermal layers, the
既然黑斑蚊的喙
能穿透表皮和真皮，

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cells in those layers are susceptible to infection
by Zika virus. So in addition to keratinocytes,
這兩層的細胞都易感茲卡病毒。
研究更發現除了角質細胞以外，

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fibroblasts, and dendritic cells have also
been found to be permissive to Zika virus,
成纖維細胞和樹狀細胞也
很容易感染上茲卡病毒，

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meaning they have some sort of receptor or
attachment site that basically says, here
因為這些細胞表層
都有某種受體或連結位置

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you go man, come on in.
可以讓病毒長驅直入。

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Now we still don’t know everything about
the Zika virus infection, but we do know that
目前我們對茲卡病毒感染症                                   
還不了解，但我們知道      
                                     
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when it enters the cell, it injects a single-stranded
positive RNA strand. Positive means that this
當它進入細胞時會注入                                                 
正單鏈RNA。正單鏈和          
                                  
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piece of RNA’s a lot like our own mRNA;
it’s basically ready to rock and get translated
體內的mRNA很相似，                                          
可以直接被轉譯為                                                   

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into proteins. The virus’s genome is translated
by our own cellular machinery into more viruses.
蛋白質。病毒基因組透過                                             
細胞機制製造更多病毒                                             

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Eventually those cells-turned-virus-making-factories
die, which actually ends up releasing more
最終受感染的細胞會                                                     
凋亡，釋放更多                                                            

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viruses to infect more cells.
病毒去感染其他細胞。                                  
               
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As bleak as all that sounds, our immune system’s
actually pretty good at fighting off Zika
雖然聽起來很黯淡，但事實上                                 
我們的免疫系統是善於對抗                                  

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virus, and only 1 in 5 get sick from infection,
and the often the others won’t even notice
茲卡病毒，只有五分之一被感染者                        
會發病，其餘的甚至不會發現                                

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they’ve been infected. Common symptoms when
patients have them, are mild fever and skin
自己被感染了。普遍的病狀                                   
是輕度發熱和起皮疹，                                             

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rash, but some also experience muscle and
joint pain, headaches, and conjunctivitis,
但有些人會感受到肌肉和關節                         
痠痛、頭痛、結膜炎                                        

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or red eyes. The incubation period, or time
from infection to symptoms isn’t known,
或紅眼。我們還不知道從感染                         
到症狀出現需要多長時間，                             

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but it’s thought to be from a few days to
a week.
但通常潛伏期維持在為數天                            
到一個禮拜。                                                

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Treatment usually just involves treating the
symptoms, things like getting plenty of rest,
治療方法通常只能對症下藥                              
例如多休息                                                        

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drinking fluids to prevent dehydration, and
taking medicine like acetaminophen to help
多喝水避免脫水                                                         
和服用類似乙酰氨酚的藥物                                     

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reduce pain and fever.
幫助減輕疼痛和退燒。                                                 

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Okay so we’ve hit the “spreads quickly”
part, which really matters most in places
說完茲卡病毒在蚊子多                                          
的地方快速傳播後，                                            

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with lots of mosquitoes, but what about the
“causes serious harm” part? Well, although
我們來解釋這病毒                                                   
的殺傷力了。                                                            

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it causes mild symptoms in adults, there’s
more to the story. In October 2015, in areas
雖然成人感染後影響較輕                                 
但這不是小問題。2015年10月，                 

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of Brazil where Zika virus has been circulated
quite a bit, public health officials noticed
茲卡病毒在巴西部分地區快速傳染                         
公共衛生官員注意到                                                   


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a significant increase in babies born with
microcephaly, which is when a child is born
嬰兒罹患小腦症的數據明顯增加                            
也就是嬰兒出生時頭部)                                  

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with an abnormally small head and therefore
abnormally small brain size; this has the
特別小，也因此影響到                                          
腦部大小。這會導致

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tendency to cause serious neurological and
intellectual deficits, seizures, as well as
神經功能和智能上                                              
有缺陷、癲癇，

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vision or hearing problems. It was noticed
that there was a huge increase in babies with
和視覺或聽覺的障礙。                                          
目前在當地新生兒患有                                      

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microcephaly—up to a 20-fold increase—among   
Brazilian states with Zika virus outbreak.                
小腦症比例已增加了二十倍。

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As of November 2015, the European Center for
Disease Control has stated that it’s plausible
到2015年11月為止，                                             
歐洲疾病預防控制中心已經聲明                 

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the Zika virus is able to cause microcephaly
in the developing fetus or newborn, as the
茲卡病毒是可能造成                                      
胎兒或新生兒患有小腦症，因為                     

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Zika virus can be transmitted from mother
to baby during pregnancy or around the time
茲卡病毒會經由孕婦                                      
傳染給胎兒，                                                    

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of birth, although it’s not yet known how
often this happens or how exactly the Zika
但是現在還不能確定                                       
類似病情的發生機率                                     

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virus is linked to microcephaly.
以及和小腦症的直接關聯。                           

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In addition to being spread mostly by mosquito
bites, and in some cases from mother to child,
除了透過蚊蟲叮咬                              
和經由母體傳給胎兒散播病菌，           

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Zika virus has also been reported to spread
through both blood transfusions and sexual
茲卡病毒也被報導能藉由                      
血液和性接觸傳染病菌。                      

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contact.

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Currently, there’s no vaccine for Zika virus,
so it’s highly advised to take precautions
目前還沒有疫苗能對抗茲卡，                
所以強烈建議大眾提高警覺。                

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when traveling to areas of outbreak, mostly
limiting mosquito bites, so doing things like
到病情嚴重地區旅遊                                 
盡可能減少被蚊子叮咬的機率                

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wearing bug spray all day, or wearing long-sleeve
shirts and pants, especially during the day
像隨身攜帶防蚊液或穿長袖                    
衣褲，特別在一天中                                

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when the Aedes mosquitoes are most active.
If infected, it’s especially important to
黑斑蚊最活躍的時候。                          
如果被感染了，趕快避開

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avoid mosquitoes to avoid spreading Zika virus
to others, especially in that first week of
蚊子多的地方，避免蚊子                        
再將病毒傳染給他人，尤其是               

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symptoms. The World Health Organization currently
suggests pregnant women consult their doctor
出現症狀的第一週。WHO                       
建議懷孕婦女諮詢其主治醫生                 

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or travel clinic for guidance and recommendations.
或向旅遊診所尋求幫助。