File:Persepolis 04.tif
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فارسی: در سال ۵۱۸ پیش از میلاد بنای تخت جمشید به عنوان پایتخت جدید هخامنشیان در پارسه آغاز گردید.بنیانگذار تخت جمشید داریوش بزرگ بود، البته پس از او پسرش خشایارشا و نوهاش اردشیر یکم با گسترش این مجموعه به گسترش آن افزودند. بسیاری از آگاهیهای موجود که در مورد پیشینهٔ هخامنشیان و فرهنگ آنها در دسترس است به خاطر سنگنبشتهها و گل نوشتههایی است که در این کاخها و بر روی دیوارهها و لوحهها آن حکاکی شدهاست.[۴] سامنر برآورد کردهاست که دشت تخت جمشید که شامل ۳۹ قرارگاه مسکونی بوده، در دورهٔ هخامنشیان ۴۳٬۶۰۰ نفر جمعیت داشتهاست. باور تاریخدانان بر این است که اسکندر مقدونی سردار یونانی در ۳۳۰ پیش از میلاد، به ایران حمله کرد و تخت جمشید را به آتش کشید. و احتمالاً بخش عظیمی از کتابها، فرهنگ و هنر هخامنشی را با این کار نابود نمود. بااینحال ویرانههای این مکان هنوز هم برپا است و باستانشناسان از ویرانههای آن نشانههای آتش و هجوم را بر آن تأیید میکنند.
English: Archaeological evidence shows that the earliest remains of Persepolis date back to 515 BC. André Godard, the French archaeologist who excavated Persepolis in the early 1930s, believed that it was Cyrus the Great who chose the site of Persepolis, but that it was Darius I who built the terrace and the palaces. Inscriptions on these buildings support the belief that they were constructed by Darius.
With Darius I, the scepter passed to a new branch of the royal house. Persepolis probably became the capital of Persia proper during his reign. However, the city's location in a remote and mountainous region made it an inconvenient residence for the rulers of the empire. The country's true capitals were Susa, Babylon and Ecbatana. This may be why the Greeks were not acquainted with the city until Alexander the Great took and plundered it. Aerial architectural plan of Persepolis. Darius I's construction of Persepolis were carried out parallel to those of the Palace of Susa.[7] According to Gene R. Garthwaite, the Susa Palace served as Darius' model for Persepolis.[8] Darius I ordered the construction of the Apadana and the Council Hall (Tripylon or the "Triple Gate"), as well as the main imperial Treasury and its surroundings. These were completed during the reign of his son, Xerxes I. Further construction of the buildings on the terrace continued until the downfall of the Achaemenid Empire.[9] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the Greek historian Ctesias mentioned that Darius I's grave was in a cliff face that could be reached with an apparatus of ropes.[10] Around 519 BC, construction of a broad stairway was begun. The stairway was initially planned to be the main entrance to the terrace 20 metres (66 feet) above the ground. The dual stairway, known as the Persepolitan Stairway, was built symmetrically on the western side of the Great Wall. The 111 steps measured 6.9 metres (23 feet) wide, with treads of 31 centimetres (12 inches) and rises of 10 centimetres (3.9 inches). Originally, the steps were believed to have been constructed to allow for nobles and royalty to ascend by horseback. New theories, however, suggest that the shallow risers allowed visiting dignitaries to maintain a regal appearance while ascending. The top of the stairways led to a small yard in the north-eastern side of the terrace, opposite the Gate of All Nations. Grey limestone was the main building material used at Persepolis. After natural rock had been leveled and the depressions filled in, the terrace was prepared. Major tunnels for sewage were dug underground through the rock. A large elevated water storage tank was carved at the eastern foot of the mountain. Professor Olmstead suggested the cistern was constructed at the same time that construction of the towers began. The uneven plan of the terrace, including the foundation, acted like a castle, whose angled walls enabled its defenders to target any section of the external front. Diodorus Siculus writes that Persepolis had three walls with ramparts, which all had towers to provide a protected space for the defense personnel. The first wall was 7 metres (23 feet) tall, the second, 14 metres (46 feet) and the third wall, which covered all four sides, was 27 metres (89 feet) in height, though no presence of the wall exists in modern times
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Author | Hussein abri |
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File change date and time | 08:07, 22 February 2016 |
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Date and time of digitizing | 12:27, 21 March 2015 |
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- Cultural heritage monuments in Iran with known IDs
- Images from Wiki Loves Monuments in Rayen
- CC-BY-SA-4.0
- Self-published work
- Images from Wiki Loves Monuments 2018
- Images from Wiki Loves Monuments 2018 in Iran
- Images from Wiki Loves Monuments in Kerman
- Uploaded via Campaign:wlm-ir
- Iran photographs taken on 2015-03-21