File:Perniagaan Rempah Di Perairan Timur Dan Timur Laut Kalimantan Abad XVI Dan XVII.pdf

English: Kalimantan's waters, especially along the coast of East and North Kalimantan, have been a vehicle for maritime activities since the first millennium AD. Its existence and importance cannot be separated from the context of the transportation of spices, especially those connecting Bandar Malakan on the west side and Maluku on the east side. This book reveals a lot about the dynamics of shipping, shipping lanes, and trade in the eastern and northeastern waters of Kalimantan since before the arrival of Europeans (Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and English) until the era of strengthening European dominance over shipping and trade in the East Indies or the Archipelago. The dynamic of maritime activity in the region is described by dividing the periods based on the dominance of the regime and its characteristics. The era before the arrival of the West, when Indonesian trade was dominated by Islamic sea powers and the last Hindu kingdoms, gave a special color to this route with the growth of local powers, such as Brunei, Kutai, and Sulu, which were identical with the dominant economic powers at that time. Then, the arrival and authority of the Portuguese in Malacca made this route have a special function because it was located so that it connected Malacca with Maluku. The emergence of piracy that started in these waters also became a major contribution to the periodization of Indonesian historiography for the Portuguese era. Their appearance created a different pattern of conflict in this region than in the Java Sea or on the Malay Peninsula. The era of VOC power, which used a trade monopoly strategy in all its aspects which ended local sea dominance in the archipelago, again created changes in the northern waters and gave a special character to the existence of a dichotomy: the death of local shipping and the rise of local pirate forces.