File:Inclinedthrow.gif
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Inclinedthrow.gif (400 × 288 pixels, file size: 374 KB, MIME type: image/gif, looped, 102 frames, 10 s)
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionInclinedthrow.gif |
English: Trajectories of three objects thrown at the same angle (70°). The black object doesn't experience any form of drag and moves along a parabola. The blue object experiences Stokes' drag, and the green object Newton drag. |
Date | |
Source | Own work |
Author | AllenMcC. |
Other versions | Inclinedthrow2.gif |
GIF development InfoField | This plot was created with Matplotlib. |
Source code InfoField | Python code#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
import os
import inspect
from math import *
import numpy as np
from scipy.integrate import odeint
from scipy.optimize import newton
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import animation
# settings
mpl.rcParams['path.snap'] = False
fname = 'inclinedthrow'
size = 400, 288
l, w, b, h = 22.5/size[0], 1-23/size[0], 22.5/size[1], 1-23/size[1]
nframes = 102
delay = 8
lw = 1.
ms = 6
c1, c2, c3 = "#000000", "#0000ff", "#007100"
def projectile_motion(g, mu, pot, xy0, vxy0, tt):
# use a four-dimensional vector function vec = [x, y, vx, vy]
def dif(vec, t):
# time derivative of the whole vector vec
v = hypot(vec[2], vec[3])
vxrel, vyrel = vec[2] / v, vec[3] / v
return [vec[2], vec[3], -mu * v**pot * vxrel, -g - mu * v**pot * vyrel]
# solve the differential equation numerically
vec = odeint(dif, [xy0[0], xy0[1], vxy0[0], vxy0[1]], tt)
return vec[:, 0], vec[:, 1], vec[:, 2], vec[:, 3] # return x, y, vx, vy
g = 1.
theta = radians(70)
v0 = sqrt(g/sin(2*theta))
vinf = 2.1
# use identical terminal velocity vinf for both types of friction
mu_stokes = g / vinf**1
mu_newton = g / vinf**2
x0, y0 = 0.0, 0.0
vx0, vy0 = v0 * cos(theta), v0 * sin(theta)
T = newton(lambda t: projectile_motion(g, 0, 0, (x0, y0), (vx0, vy0), [0, t])[1][1], 2*vy0/g)
nsub = 10
tt = np.linspace(0, T * nframes / (nframes - 1), (nframes - 1) * nsub + 1)
traj_free = projectile_motion(g, 0, 0, (x0, y0), (vx0, vy0), tt)
traj_stokes = projectile_motion(g, mu_stokes, 1, (x0, y0), (vx0, vy0), tt)
traj_newton = projectile_motion(g, mu_newton, 2, (x0, y0), (vx0, vy0), tt)
def animate(nframe, saveframes=False):
print(nframe, '/', nframes)
t = T * float(nframe) / nframes
plt.clf()
fig.gca().set_position((l, b, w, h))
fig.gca().set_aspect("equal")
plt.xlim(0, 1)
plt.ylim(0, (h*size[1]) / (w*size[0]))
plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
plt.xlabel('Distance', size=12)
plt.ylabel('Height', size=12)
plt.plot(traj_free[0][:nframe*nsub+1], traj_free[1][:nframe*nsub+1],
'-', lw=lw, color=c1)
plt.plot(traj_free[0][nframe*nsub], traj_free[1][nframe*nsub],
'ok', color=c1, markersize=ms, markeredgewidth=0)
plt.plot(traj_stokes[0][:nframe*nsub+1], traj_stokes[1][:nframe*nsub+1],
'-', lw=lw, color=c2)
plt.plot(traj_stokes[0][nframe*nsub], traj_stokes[1][nframe*nsub],
'ok', color=c2, markersize=ms, markeredgewidth=0)
plt.plot(traj_newton[0][:nframe*nsub+1], traj_newton[1][:nframe*nsub+1],
'-', lw=lw, color=c3)
plt.plot(traj_newton[0][nframe*nsub], traj_newton[1][nframe*nsub],
'ok', color=c3, markersize=ms, markeredgewidth=0)
if saveframes:
# export frame
dig = int(ceil(log10(nframes)))
fsavename = ('frame{:0' + str(dig) + '}.svg').format(nframe)
fig.savefig(fsavename)
with open(fsavename) as f: content = f.read()
content = content.replace('pt"', 'px"').replace('pt"', 'px"')
with open(fsavename, 'w') as f: f.write(content)
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(size[0]/72., size[1]/72.))
os.chdir(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe()))))
for i in range(nframes):
animate(i, True)
os.system('convert -loop 0 -delay ' + str(delay) + ' frame*.svg +dither ' + fname + '.gif')
# keep last frame for two seconds
os.system('gifsicle -k32 --color-method blend-diversity -b ' + fname + '.gif -d' + str(delay) + ' "#0-' + str(nframes-2) + '" -d200 "#' + str(nframes-1) + '"')
for i in os.listdir('.'):
if i.startswith('frame') and i.endswith('.svg'):
os.remove(i)
|
Licensing
[edit]I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license:
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
- You are free:
- to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work
- to remix – to adapt the work
- Under the following conditions:
- attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- share alike – If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same or compatible license as the original.
File history
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
current | 16:10, 21 October 2020 | 400 × 288 (374 KB) | Geek3 (talk | contribs) | adjusted friction coefficients such to make terminal velocity of both trajectories equal. In this case, the Newton projectile moves further. | |
12:57, 21 October 2009 | 400 × 288 (453 KB) | AllenMcC. (talk | contribs) | added Newton drag | ||
00:40, 22 December 2008 | 400 × 299 (393 KB) | AllenMcC. (talk | contribs) | == Summary == {{Information |Description={{en|1=Trajectories of two objects thrown at the same angle. The blue object doesn't experience any drag and moves along a parabola. The black object experiences Stokes' drag.}} |Source=Own work by uploader |Author | ||
20:12, 18 December 2008 | 400 × 299 (393 KB) | AllenMcC. (talk | contribs) | == Summary == {{Information |Description={{en|1=Trajectories of two objects thrown at the same angle. The blue object doesn't experience any drag and moves along a parabola. The black object experiences Stokes' drag.}} |Source=Own work by uploader |Author | ||
04:07, 15 December 2008 | 700 × 519 (636 KB) | AllenMcC. (talk | contribs) | {{Information |Description={{en|1=Trajectories of two objects thrown at the same angle. The blue object doesn't experience friction and moves along a parabola. The black object experiences Stokes friction.}} |Source=Own work by uploader |Author=[[User:All |
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