File:Aktivitas Ekonomi Orang-Orang Bugis Di Kesultanan Pontianak Pada Abad Ke-19 Hingga Akhir Masa Kolonial.pdf

English: The arrival of the Buginese in the Pontianak Empires was inseparable from the political and economic network of the Buginese aristocrats with the rulers of the kingdom on the west coast of Borneo, especially the Kingdom of Sukadana and the Sambas Empire. From several phases of Buginese’s migration in western Borneo, it seemed that the period of migration in the mid-19th century was the most closely related to economic development in terms of trade, agriculture and plantation. In the second half of the 19th century, the existence of Buginese migrants in Pontianak was undeniably related to the coconut plantation business pioneered by the Pontianak Empire and followed by elites of Arab and Malay descent. And at the beginning of the 20th century was a continuation of economic activities that had begun in the Buginese community in the 19th century. The influx of Buginese migrants in this century was more a response to the demand for commercial plant products, especially coconut and rubber in the future, which was intensively managed by most Pontianak Buginese communities. In this period, they not only came using Buginese’s ships but also used ships from KPM which began operating in the early 20th century. Likewise, with the employment contract system implemented by plantation companies. Furthermore, it appeared that the majority of Buginese preferred to pursue the plantation sector compared to the gardening product extension sector. The last sect was captured by the Chinese.