File:The fireside university of modern invention, discovery, industry and art for home circle study and entertainment (1902) (14776960544).jpg

Identifier: firesideuniversi01mcgo (find matches)
Title: The fireside university of modern invention, discovery, industry and art for home circle study and entertainment
Year: 1902 (1900s)
Authors: McGovern, John. (from old catalog)
Subjects: Science
Publisher: Chicago, Union pub. house
Contributing Library: The Library of Congress
Digitizing Sponsor: The Library of Congress

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r 43). Honey served for Sugar inthe middle ages, as our libraries show. It was understood thatthe first Sugar refinery of the western world was established atVenice. When loaf-Sugar was brought to England, it was usedin making presents to Kings and great personages. The sale ofloaf-Sugar has now been abandoned in commerce. How is Sugar classified? In two chemical families—the Saccharoses and the Glucoses.Early in the nineteenth century Gay-Lussac determined that themolecules of a Saccharose were each made of twelve atoms ofcarbon, twenty-two atoms of hydrogen and eleven atoms ofoxygen. Later, Dumas and other chemists assumed that Glu-cose was composed of molecules made of six atoms of carbon,with twelve atoms of hydrogen and six atoms of oxygen. It isunderstood that with the addition of sulphur and nitrogen theGerman chemists have produced compounds a thousand timessweeter than Saccharose. Has chemical knowledge prospered? Yes. Under the influence of commercial necessity, the nature
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PASTEUR IN HIS LABORATORY SUGAR, ETC. 297 of Sugar, the philosophy of crystallization—that is, how mole-cules form together in one of their solid states—and other secretsof nature, have been vigilantly studied. What are the sources of our commercial Sugar ? First, from Sugar-Cane; next, from Sugar-Beets; next, fromstarch; next, from maple-trees. Then come sorghum cane,palm trees, grapes and other inconsequential products. Can Sugar be made artificially by the Chemists ? Generally speaking, no. From a theoretical point of view,there is much to be learned. Foreign atoms cling tenaciouslyto the molecules of Sugar naturally produced, and only thecostly processes of filtration or solution by water will separatethe good from the bad. If the scientists could themselves com-pound a Sugar molecule, the price of Sugar could be cheapenedindefinitely. Describe Sugar-making from cane? The long canes go to the crushing rollers on a feed belt. Some-times the head-stocks of the top-roller have a

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