File:The Catholic encyclopedia; an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic Church (1907) (14759957501).jpg

Identifier: catholicencyclop02herbuoft (find matches)
Title: The Catholic encyclopedia; an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic Church
Year: 1907 (1900s)
Authors: Herbermann, Charles George, 1840-1916
Subjects: Catholic Church Theology Encyclopedias and dictionaries
Publisher: New York, The Encyclopedia Press
Contributing Library: Mississauga - University of Toronto
Digitizing Sponsor: University of Toronto

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uth Australia in 1836.The gold discoveries of the fifties brought a greatinrush of population, chiefly to Victoria and NewSouth Wales. Events have moved rapidly sincethen. The widened influences of religion, the influxof new blood, the development of resources, pros-perity, education, and the jilay of free institutionshave combined to rid the southern lands of thetraces of a penal system which, within living memory,threatened so much permanent evil to the moral,social, and political progress of Austraha. Thedead past has buried its dead. The reformation of the criminal formed no part ofthe convict system in Australia. The body, saysBonwick, rather than the soul, absorbed the atten-tion of the governors (First Twenty Years of Austra-lia, 218). Vengeance and cruelty , says ErskineMay, were its only principles; charity and reforma-tion formed no part of its scheme (ConstitutionalHistory of England. III. 401). For the convict, it wasa beast-of-burden life, embittered by the lash, the iron
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AUSTRALIA 115 AUSTRALIA ball, the punishment-cell, the prison-hulk, the chain-gang, and the hell. The whipping-houses of tlieMississippi , says Dilke, had their parallel in NewSouth Wales; a look or word would cause the hurry-ing of a servant to the post or the forge, as a pre-liminary to a month in a chain-gang on tiie roads(Greater Britain, 8th ed., 373). For idleness, fordisobedience, for drunkenness, for every trivial fault,the punishment was the lash!— the lash!— the lash!(Dr. Ullathorne, in Cardinal Morans History ofthe Catholic Church in Australasia, 156). Andthe cat was made an instrument of torture (Dilke,Greater Britain, 8th ed., 37-1). Matters were evenworse in the convict hells of New Norfolk (estab-lished in 1788), and of Port Arthur and MacquarieHarbour in Tasmania. In 1835 Dr. Ullathorne wentto New Norfolk to prepare thirty-nine supposedconspirators for an abrupt passage into eternity.Twenty-six of the condemned men were reprieved.They wept bitterly on receiving the

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