File:Possible neuromodulation strategies for cognitive impairment and dementia.webp

English: a) Limbic and cortical structures involved in cognition, in particular episodic memory. These structures are part of a common large-scale brain network. b) Schematic representation of the connections between these structures, including intra-hippocampal circuitry (red dashed box), the original circuit of Papez (open arrowheads), and additional connections between them (filled arrowheads). The NBM provides widespread cholinergic innervation to neocortical areas and has therefore received attention as a neuromodulation target for cognition. The fornix has been the main chronic DBS target in AD patients. Other areas (hippocampus, EC, neocortical areas) have been mainly targeted in acute studies in epileptic patients.