File:Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis on the relationship of early 'reading for pleasure' with adult cognitive performance, adult brain structure, and children and adults attention disorder (ADHD).png

English: "(a) MR scatter plot showing the genetic variant instrument (SNP) effects on the exposure (early RfP) and the outcome (adult cognitive performance). The potential effects of the exposure on the outcome using IVW, MR–Egger, and WM methods of MR analysis are shown by the lines of regression, with the estimated effect represented by the slope. A beneficial causal relationship was observed by the standard IVW method (red line, βIVW = 0.026, p = 0.009, 95%CI 0.006–0.045). (b) Forest plot showing the MR-analysed effect sizes of each single and all-combined SNP for the effect of early RfP on adult cognitive performance, which indicated an overall combined effect pattern. (c) MR analysis revealed a beneficial relationship between early RfP and the adult left superior temporal cortical area (red line, βIVW = 0.114, p = 0.003, 95% CI 0.038–0.189). (d) Forest plot for the MR effect of early RfP on adult lh S temporal sup area also showed an overall combined effect pattern. (e) A trend towards a protective relationship of early RfP with children and adult ADHD disorder (red line, βIVW = −0.048, p = 0.259, 95% CI:−0.132 to 0.036) was observed in MR analysis. OR values had been converted to β statistics by log-transformation in the ADHD case–control MR analysis. (f) Forest plot showing the overall combined effect pattern for the MR effect of early RfP on children and adults ADHD. IVW, inverse variance weighted; WM, weighted median."