File:Karst Hydrogeologie Schema2.jpg

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Deutsch: Hydrogeologisches Schema subaquatischer Karstgänge und Karstquellen

Beispiel starke Verkarstung und normaler oder starker periodischer Niederschlag. Solange der Wasserdruck stark genug ist, dringt das Wasser des Karstwasser-Gangs in das Gewässer ein. Ist das Gewässer salzig, entsteht durch Vermischung Brackwasser, welches immer auch noch einige Meter im Karstwasser-Gang messbar ist. Bei großem Karstwasserdruck ist an der Gewässeroberfläche eine Verwirbelung zu sehen und der Salzgehalt kann im Karstwasser-Gang gering sein (immer aber noch messbar).
Wenn der Level der Phreatischen Zone (wassergesättigte Gesteinszone) klimatisch bedingt stark schwankt, kann auch eine subaquatische Estavelle (in Fluss, See oder flachem Meer) möglich sein(5).
Oberirdische Estavellen sind aus den Alpen, ober- und unterirdische Estavellen sehr häufig aus den tief verkarsteten Gesteinschichten der Dinariden bekannt.

Die bekanntesten subaquatischen Quellen Europas sind die der Ostküste der Adria und Griechenlands.

English: Hydrogeologic schema of subaquaeous karst conduits and karst springs.

There are a few subaquaeous karst springs in Greece and many at the northern hemisphere of the Mediterranean Sea. In case a spring is coastal or submarine (saline water), brackish water is even measured at maximum outflow up the karst conduit.

When precipitation is seasonally high, as this happens for instance in the Dinarids (esp. Orjen with annual average precipitation of up to 6500 mm) subaquaeous Estavelles are possible. The phenomenon is scarcely documented.
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