File:Casuarina equisetifolia (ironwood) (New Providence Island, Bahamas) (15791458322).jpg
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DescriptionCasuarina equisetifolia (ironwood) (New Providence Island, Bahamas) (15791458322).jpg |
Casuarina equisetifolia Linnaeus, 1759 - ironwood (a.k.a. Australian pine) in the Bahamas. Plants are multicellular, photosynthesizing eucaryotes. Most species occupy terrestrial environments, but they also occur in freshwater and saltwater aquatic environments. The oldest known land plants in the fossil record are Ordovician to Silurian. Land plant body fossils are known in Silurian sedimentary rocks - they are small and simple plants (e.g., Cooksonia). Fossil root traces in paleosol horizons are known in the Ordovician. During the Devonian, the first trees and forests appeared. Earth's initial forestation event occurred during the Middle to Late Paleozoic. Earth's continents have been partly to mostly covered with forests ever since the Late Devonian. Occasional mass extinction events temporarily removed much of Earth's plant ecosystems - this occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary (251 million years ago) and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (65 million years ago). The most conspicuous group of living plants is the angiosperms, the flowering plants. They first unambiguously appeared in the fossil record during the Cretaceous. They quickly dominated Earth's terrestrial ecosystems, and have dominated ever since. This domination was due to the evolutionary success of flowers, which are structures that greatly aid angiosperm reproduction. Superficially, the ironwood appears to be a pine tree/conifer, but it's not - it's an angiosperm (flowering plant). The specimen shown above is not native to the Bahamas. Ironwood occurs naturally in parts of southeastern Asia, Australia, and on many islands in the southwestern Pacific Basin. Ironwood was introduced to the Bahamas a couple centuries ago by the British as windbreaks between adjacent plantations. Casuarina has rapidly invaded much land in the Bahamas - its seeds are very mobile and indestructible in seawater. It has been recently determined that Casuarina causes beach erosion, despite the perception that its roots prevent beach erosion. Casaurina shades out low-lying, native, back-beach vegetation. Its root systems are also toxic to native back-beach floras. After the sub-Casuarina vegetation dies and disappears, back-beach sand dunes get blown away, resulting in beach erosion. Casuarina is a much-favored shade tree in the Bahamas, so there’s been much resistance and skepticism by Bahamians about the detrimental aspects of the trees along shorelines. Observations have indicated that, after storm damage, beaches rapidly re-establish themselves with normal native vegetation (without replanting, even) in the absence of Casuarina. No chronic beach erosion has been observed in the Bahamas except those beaches with Casuarina. Experimental removal of Casuarina from some shorelines has resulted in cessation of beach erosion and the natural replenishment of sandy beaches. Classification: Plantae, Angiospermophyta, Fagales, Casuarinaceae Locality: Traveller's Rest beach, northern shoreline of New Providence Island, central Bahamas Most info. provided by Neil Sealey. More info. at: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuarina_equisetifolia" rel="nofollow">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuarina_equisetifolia</a> |
Date | |
Source | Casuarina equisetifolia (ironwood) (New Providence Island, Bahamas) |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/15791458322 (archive). It was reviewed on 12 November 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
12 November 2019
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current | 04:24, 12 November 2019 | 4,000 × 3,000 (4.08 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/400 sec (0.0025) |
F-number | f/4 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 18:26, 18 March 2011 |
Lens focal length | 11.614 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS2 Macintosh |
File change date and time | 17:05, 14 November 2014 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 18:26, 18 March 2011 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 8.65625 |
APEX aperture | 4 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 4 APEX (f/4) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, auto mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 16,460.905349794 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 16,483.516483516 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Manual white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Image width | 4,000 px |
Image height | 3,000 px |
Date metadata was last modified | 12:05, 14 November 2014 |
IIM version | 2 |