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Identifier: warineuropeitsca00john (find matches)
Title: The war in Europe, its causes and consequences; an authentic narrative of the immediate and remote causes of the war, with a descriptive account of the countries involved, including statistics of armies, navies, aeroplanes, dirigibles, &c., &c
Year: 1914 (1910s)
Authors: Johnson, Rossiter, 1840-1931, ed
Subjects: World War, 1914-1918
Publisher: New York, Sully and Kleinteich
Contributing Library: The Library of Congress
Digitizing Sponsor: Sloan Foundation

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Text Appearing Before Image:
Bismarck's work was finished. He had severed the duchies
from Denmark ; he had thrown Austria out of Germany, and placed Prus-
sia at the head of the State ; he had changed the Northern Confedera-
tion into the German Confederation with the King of Prussia as
President; and now, by means of the Franco-Prussian War, he had
placed Germany among the first great Powers
of Europe. The
Treaty of Frankfort was signed on May 10, 1871, by which Alsace
and Lorraine were ceded back to Germany, while Belfort was restored
to France. A money indemnity of $1,000,000,000 in gold was paid
to Germany for the costs of the war.
The Russo-Turkish War (1877-'78).—When Russia, in 1877,
once more took up arms against Turkey, it was to renew a conflict
rooted in Turkish misrule during four centuries, and it was linked
with events leading to the war of 1914.
Early in the fourteenth century the Ottoman Turks began an
invasion of southeastern Europe that gradually gained in strength
until it became a menace to the nations north of the Danube. Re-
cruiting their ranks from conquered Christian States, whose strongest
children were brought up as soldiers called Janissaries, they subdued
the Slavs south of the Balkans, overran Greece, occupied Syria, Ara-
bia, and Egypt, invaded Hungary, and even laid siege to Vienna. In
1453 they took possession of Constantinople, and the Church of Saint
Text Appearing After Image:
186
THE RUSSO-TURKISH WAR
187
Sophia was turned into a Mohaniniedan mosque. The tide turned
with the rise of Russia in the reign of Catherine the Great. About
the close of the eighteenth century the Russians wrested the Crimea
from the Turks, gaining access to the Black Sea, pushed the Turkish
frontier back to the Dniester, and established that right to protect the
sultans Christian subjects which has changed the whole complexion
of affairs in the East. In 1812, Russia, backed by Napoleon, took
over Bessarabia, on the Black Sea. In 1828 Nicholas I, for causes
arising from the sultans wrath following the battle of Navarino, de-
clared war against the Porte, crossed the Balkans, and forced Moham-
med II to sign the Treaty of Adrianople, September 14, 1829.
Greece was now a kingdom; Moldavia and Wallachia (the Ru-
mania of to-day) were virtually independent, with Russia as a kind
of overlord. Finally, Servia, which had rebelled against Ottoman
oppression in 1804, achieved autonomy in 1830, with Milosch Obreno-
vitch as hereditary prince of the Servians.

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