File:Whitebark pine, Pinus albicaulis, male cones (42433405245).jpg
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[edit]DescriptionWhitebark pine, Pinus albicaulis, male cones (42433405245).jpg |
whitebark pine, Pinus albicaulis, male cones, Nevada, Sweetwater Mountains, East Sister, Dalzell Canyon - Smith Valley drainage, elevation 3075 m (10090 ft). Finally finished up 2016 with some whitebark pine research. This western North American endemic is currently a candidate for Endangered Species listing, because of widespread declines and mortality from white pine blister rust and pine beetles. Most of the mortality has been in the main part of its range in the northern Rocky Mountains. I have been helping to survey less impacted populations near the southern edge of its range. whitebark pine is unique among North American white pines in having cones that remain closed until torn apart by animals, or falling apart on their own. The animals (mostly Clark's Nutcracker and various small mammals) are very efficient at this, and if you aren't there while cones are still on the tree, often all you find is a litter of disarticulated cones scales on the ground. The species depends almost entirely on Clark's Nutcracker to disperse its seeds. Vegetatively the species is virtually identical to limber pine (Pinus flexilis), which causes ID problems where they grow together, unless cones are present. Here in the Sweetwater Mountains the two species grow together, and the whitebark pine cones look a little different, being lighter colored and less readily falling apart, which are traits of limber pine. I have seen the same kind of variation in other places where the two species grow together, suggesting the possibility of some genetic mixing. Or, this could just be natural variation in whitebark pine populations. These are the typical reddish purple male cones of whitebark pine, versus the usually brownish yellow male cones of limber pine. |
Date | |
Source | whitebark pine, Pinus albicaulis, male cones |
Author | Jim Morefield from Nevada, USA |
Camera location | 38° 31′ 29.6″ N, 119° 17′ 20.72″ W | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 38.524888; -119.289089 |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by Jim Morefield at https://flickr.com/photos/127605180@N04/42433405245 (archive). It was reviewed on 29 December 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-sa-2.0. |
29 December 2019
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current | 03:32, 29 December 2019 | 3,648 × 2,736 (5.76 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Image title | whitebark pine, Pinus albicaulis, Nevada, Sweetwater Mountains, East Sister, Dalzell Canyon - Smith Valley drainage, elevation 3075 m (10090 ft). |
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Camera manufacturer | OLYMPUS IMAGING CORP. |
Camera model | E-510 |
Author | Camera owner, James D. Morefield; Photographer, James D. Morefield; Image creator, James D. Morefield |
Exposure time | 1/640 sec (0.0015625) |
F-number | f/8 |
ISO speed rating | 200 |
Date and time of data generation | 14:18, 19 September 2016 |
Lens focal length | 42 mm |
User comments | whitebark pine, Pinus albicaulis, Nevada, Sweetwater Mountains, East Sister, Dalzell Canyon - Smith Valley drainage, elevation 3075 m (10090 ft). |
Latitude | 38° 31′ 29.6″ N |
Longitude | 119° 17′ 20.72″ W |
Altitude | 3,075.432 meters above sea level |
Headline | whitebark pine, Pinus albicaulis, Nevada, Sweetwater Mountains, East Sister, Dalzell Canyon - Smith Valley drainage, elevation 3075 m (10090 ft). |
City shown | Wellington |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 314 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 314 dpi |
Software used | RoboGEO v6.3.2 |
File change date and time | 14:18, 19 September 2016 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Aperture priority |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 14:18, 19 September 2016 |
Meaning of each component |
|
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 3.61328125 APEX (f/3.5) |
Metering mode | Spot |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire, auto mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | Low gain up |
Contrast | Soft |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Soft |
GPS time (atomic clock) | 21:18 |
Reference for direction of image | True direction |
Direction of image | 90 |
Geodetic survey data used | WGS 1984 |
GPS date | 19 September 2016 |
GPS tag version | 0.0.3.2 |
IIM version | 4 |
Province or state shown | Nevada |
Country shown | United States |