File:Wardian Case - Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam - July 2011.jpg
Original file (2,592 × 3,456 pixels, file size: 5.66 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionWardian Case - Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam - July 2011.jpg |
English: The label reads:
"The Wardian case is a portable propagation container, which can be used to transport plants over a long distance. Before the invention of the Wardian case, plants were shipped in open containers on the decks of ships. Many plants died because of dehydration and salt spray. In 1829, the British physician and botanist Nathaniel Ward found a solution. He placed the plants in a closed case of glass. In the case, the plants grew in a more or less stabile environment without the influence of salt water. Sunlight could access the Wardian case easily through the large number of windows. The windows could be opened when a plant had to be taken in or out the case. Starting around 1830, many tropical plants were brought to Europe by means of the Wardian case. Among them, cinnamon and clove trees from Java reached the Amsterdam Hortus, as did mango, cycads and several gingers. In addition to the invention of the Wardian case, two other factors influenced the transport of plants. The Nederlandse Handels-maatschappij (a Dutch multinational trading company) was founded and soon started transporting plants and the increasing use of steam vessels reduced the transportation time of the plants. " |
Date | |
Source | Own work |
Author | Michaelberry |
Camera location | 52° 22′ 01.17″ N, 4° 54′ 28.43″ E | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 52.366992; 4.907898 |
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Photo taken by Michael Berry, July 2011
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 05:35, 2 March 2023 | 2,592 × 3,456 (5.66 MB) | Michaelberry (talk | contribs) | Uploaded own work with UploadWizard |
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Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Camera manufacturer | Panasonic |
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Camera model | DMC-TZ5 |
Author | Michael Berry |
Copyright holder |
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Exposure time | 1/30 sec (0.033333333333333) |
F-number | f/3.3 |
ISO speed rating | 320 |
Date and time of data generation | 16:47, 18 July 2011 |
Lens focal length | 4.7 mm |
Online copyright statement | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ |
Usage terms |
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Horizontal resolution | 240 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 240 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Lightroom Classic 12.1 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 21:26, 1 March 2023 |
Exposure Program | Normal program |
Exif version | 2.31 |
Date and time of digitizing | 16:47, 18 July 2011 |
APEX shutter speed | 4.906891 |
APEX aperture | 3.444932 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 3.44 APEX (f/3.29) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Color space | sRGB |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 0 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 28 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | High gain up |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Serial number of camera | F550804110452 |
Date metadata was last modified | 13:26, 1 March 2023 |
Copyright status | Copyrighted |
Unique ID of original document | xmp.did:33d59797-4965-4e55-b135-42f3bfeeaf0f |
Contact information | michaelberry@gmail.com
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Keywords | Amsterdam2011 |
IIM version | 4 |