File:Upper Wind Cave Canyon (Black Hills, South Dakota, USA) 10.jpg
![File:Upper Wind Cave Canyon (Black Hills, South Dakota, USA) 10.jpg](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Upper_Wind_Cave_Canyon_%28Black_Hills%2C_South_Dakota%2C_USA%29_10.jpg/800px-Upper_Wind_Cave_Canyon_%28Black_Hills%2C_South_Dakota%2C_USA%29_10.jpg?20230523210420)
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[edit]DescriptionUpper Wind Cave Canyon (Black Hills, South Dakota, USA) 10.jpg |
English: South Dakota's Black Hills have many limestone cave systems, including two of the world's longest caves - Jewel Cave and Wind Cave. The valley seen here contains the natural entrance to Wind Cave, which leads to an extensive and complex maze of passages, of which about 154 miles are currently mapped. Both Jewel Cave and Wind Cave are developed in paleokarst zones in the Lower Mississippian Pahasapa Limestone. These caves don't extend up to outcrop areas for the most part - they end updip and they end downdip. Cave development started during the Pennsylvanian, long before uplift of the Black Hills Dome and the Laramide Orogeny. Pennsylvanian sediments fill some of the paleokarst at Wind Cave. Sometimes, the Pennsylvanian fill has been secondarily removed, resulting in a paleocave.
The modern structure of the Black Hills (= Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks dipping away from a large Precambrian basement core) has played a role in enlarging the Late Paleozoic paleokarst, via mixing of waters. Caves are known to enlarge in mixing zones, where groundwater masses that have different chemistries meet. Mixing has been concentrated at the old paleokarst zones. Wind Cave is named for the strong breeze encountered at the natural entrance, which is a small opening. Locality: upper Wind Cave Canyon, near the natural entrance to Wind Cave, southern Black Hills, southwestern South Dakota, USA |
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Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52918377102/ |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52918377102. It was reviewed on 23 May 2023 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
23 May 2023
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current | 21:04, 23 May 2023 | ![]() | 4,288 × 2,848 (9.68 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by James St. John from https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52918377102/ with UploadWizard |
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File change date and time | 02:58, 23 May 2023 |
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Date and time of digitizing | 19:01, 27 July 2012 |
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Date metadata was last modified | 22:58, 22 May 2023 |
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