File:The botany of Iceland (1912) (19782994564).jpg

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Title: The botany of Iceland
Identifier: botanyoficeland0101kold (find matches)
Year: 1912 (1910s)
Authors: Kolderup Rosenvinge, L. (Lauritz), 1858-1939; Warming, Eugenius, 1841-1924
Subjects: Botany -- Iceland
Publisher: Copenhagen, J. Frimodt
Contributing Library: MBLWHOI Library
Digitizing Sponsor: MBLWHOI Library

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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 225 compared with their extent. The largest have an altitude of 1400- 1600 metres, and a diameter of 10—15 km. On such dome-shaped lava-cones the angle of inclination at the top of the mountain is only slightly greater than near the base, seldom exceeding 7° -8°, and more frequently still less, often only 1°—2°. The summit of such volcanoes consists of a circular or elliptical mouth or depres- sion, often of large dimensions, some having a diameter of 1000 metres or more. The walls of the depression (crater) are usually
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Fig. 10. Row of craters. cleft by concentric fissures, so that the descent from the lip to the bottom of the crater is, as it were, a series of steps. The sides of these volcanoes are entirely covered with knotty sheets of lava, and long tunnels and caves are very common in the sides of the vol- cano. In some cases the depression is filled with lava to such an ex- tent, that the only indication of the circumference is a ring of small lava-pinnacles and lava-ridges. The immense lava-waste of Oda5a- hraun was mainly formed by outpourings from this type of volcano, of which Trolladyngja (1491 metres) is the largest. Another well- known volcano of this description is Skjaldbreid near Thingvellir. Of post-Glacial lava-cones, 16 are known from Iceland. These lava- cones were also very common during the Ice Age. The greatest amount of lava which has been poured forth in

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