File:The Quarterly journal of the Geological Society of London (1898) (14776600224).jpg

Identifier: quarterlyjourna541898geol (find matches)
Title: The Quarterly journal of the Geological Society of London
Year: 1845 (1840s)
Authors: Geological Society of London
Subjects: Geology
Publisher: London (etc.)
Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: Biodiversity Heritage Library

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are often surrounded by terminal moraines.But two differences between the glaciers of Switzerland andSpitsbergen were soon apparent. The former are the outlets ofextensive snow-fields, and the material of which they consist passesfrom snow into ice through the stage of neve. But many of theSpitsbergen glaciers do not drain snow-fields, and their materialpasses directly into the condition of neve-ice and glacier-ice. Thus,at the head of nearly every glacier-pass that we crossed (forexample, Fox Pass, Bolter Pass, Flower Pass), we found no trueneve or gathering-ground of snow. In some cases such glacier-ice may have been formed by avalanches ; but at least in one casethis explanation is inadmissible, and we were forced to the con-clusion that under Arctic conditions snow may be converted intoice without pressure, and that the existence of glaciers does notnecessarily postulate the existence of great snow-fields. ^ H. Bystrcim, Ofversiktskarta ofVer Norra Polartrakterna, Stockholm, 1896.
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S T 0 R 202 MR. E. J. GARWOOD & DR. J. W. GREGORY (May 1898, But the most important difference between Arctic and Alpineglaciers is seen in the character of their respective terminal fronts.Most Swiss glaciers end with a tapering snout. Some of those inSpitsbergen (such as Flower Glacier, Baldhead Glacier, etc.) do thesame ; but the majority end in a vertical cliff of ice, of the typefor which Lieut. Lockwoods apt name of Chinese wall ^ is gene-rally adopted. This name is appropriate owing to two characters :the face is vertical, and sometimes overhangs at the top like themachicolations of a mediaeval fortress ; secondly, the intraglacialmaterial is arranged in lines like the layers of mortar in a wall. The vertical faces of these Arctic glaciers have been suggestedby Chamberlin^ as largely due to the low angle at which the sunshines upon them. This no doubt assists in the formation of theseChinese walls, for when the sun is low on the horizon it tendsto cut the opposite face of t

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