File:The Quarterly journal of the Geological Society of London (12734076603).jpg

J. F. CAMPBELL ON POLAK GLACIATION ETC. 463
(23) Daghestan (the mountain-country) is on the north side at
the Caspian end of the Caucasus. The rocks are chiefly the folded
limestones which we crossed in the pass of Dariel afterwards, and
apparently some of the dark shales on which they rest unconform-
ably. The limestones are very like beds which appear in the right
bank of the Volga. The long folds are parallel to the main range.
One bed of dark earthy shale contains large globular concre-
tions. "We come to it repeatedly in Daghestan in deep water-
courses. Another bed consists of large hard rolled pebhles in a
matrix.
From the nature of the country, the clearness of the air, and the
absence of vegetation, the structure of Daghestan is easily seen.
The edges of the flags and schists and igneous rocks which we after-
wards passed near Kasbeg seem to form the crests of the whole
range, and furnish the boulders and pebbles which the largest rivers
roll down to the plains.
(24) West-end. From Tiflis to Poti on the south side of the
range, and along the shores of the Black Sea, the structure seen
near Tiflis appears to extend into the Crimea along the northern
shores of the Black Sea.
The lower hills are made of folded beds of newer stratified rocks,
the higher hills of the edges of harder beds upheaved. I will not
attempt to guess at the age of the rocks

but some appeared like
Mountain-Limestones, the Coal-measures, and superincumbent strata.
Coal has been found in the Caucasus, and is worked north of the Sea
of Azov and south of the Black Sea.
In any case a great thickness of old sedimentary beds have been
tilted up on edge, and a great thickness of newer beds have been
crumpled and folded like dough

and the key to Southern-Bussian
geology is in the Caucasus, in the Gate of Asia, in the pass of
Dariel. The general disturbance may be found to coincide with the
geological disturbance which upheaved the Alps and other chains.
Between lat. 30° and 40° N. there is a marvellous coincidence in the
general direction of mountain-ranges in Europe and Asia.
(25) Denudation. Such is a rude outline of the geology which I
thought I saw while rapidly travelling through the Caucasus. The
shapes of the hills and hollows, which I studied and drew, clearly
are due to aqueous denudation (see fig. 4).
If ever glaciers worked in the range, their traces have been
almost entirely obliterated. Very little rain now falls in Daghestan
or anywhere on the northern slopes. The rivers which drain the
range are small. Houses have flat roofs

dresses are not contrived
In the map, Daghestan, which was conquered about eight years ago, is not
coloured.
Koch's Geological Map, 1850, does not colour Daghestan. The Dariel Pass
from north to south is coloured "Tertiares," " Secondares Gestein," and "Thon-
Schiefer." Kasbeg, and the opposite mountain, are coloured Volcanic, including
therein "Basalt and Trachyte."
I have also read Mr. Freshfield's book, and his paper published by the Geo-
graphical Society, to which I refer