File:The National geographic magazine (1902) (14778743431).jpg

Identifier: nationalgeograp131902nati (find matches)
Title: The National geographic magazine
Year: 1888 (1880s)
Authors: National Geographic Society (U.S.)
Subjects: Geography
Publisher: Washington : National Geographic Society
Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: Biodiversity Heritage Library

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t volcanoeson the east edge of the belt are hundredsof miles from the ocean and distant fromeach other. Within this great Pacific circle of vol-canoes, twenty-five thousand miles inlength, are many volcanic islands : theLadrones, the Hawaiian Islands, withthe famous Mauna Eoa ; the Galapagos,the Samoan Islands, as well as the Tongaand Fiji Archipelagoes, and manysmaller groups. The coral islands maybe also classed as volcanic, as they restin great part on volcanic foundations. Eastward from the circle around thePacific, a branch belt extends throughSumatra and Java. On the brokenisthmus which ages ago joined Asia andAustralia are over one hundred vol-canoes, manj of which are constantly,belching forth mud, lava, or ashes. Thisis the great focus of volcanic action ofthe earth. Round nearty three sides of theAtlantic basin volcanic districts arescattered with some apparent symme-try. In the far north Hekla and nearlyone score others separate the Atlanticfrom the Arctic Ocean. Stretching
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206 The National Geographic Magazine from Iceland, from north to south anirregular submerged ridge bears thevolcanic mountains of the Azores, theCape Verde Islands, Ascension, St.Helena, and Tristan da Cunha Onthe west edge of the Atlantic are the vol-canoes of the West Indies ; but north orsouth of the Antilles there is not a singlevolcano on the east coast of America.The volcanic belt of the Mediterraneanshore is prolonged to the mountains ofArmenia and western Arabia. Thereare said to be some volcanoes in Tibetand Manchuria, but the explorer hasnot yet located them. Elisee Reclus has drawn attention tothe fact that the great centers of vol-canic action in the western and easternhemispheres are at exactly oppositeends of the globe—are at antipodes toeach other—and that these centers ofactivity are near the poles of flattening.They also flank, one on the west andone on the east, the immense circlearound the Pacific. Volcanoes may be roughly describedas of two types—the expulsiv

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