File:The Black Hills beetle - with further notes on its distribution, life history, and methods of control (1905) (20377047582).jpg

Title: The Black Hills beetle : with further notes on its distribution, life history, and methods of control
Identifier: blackhillsbeetle56hopk (find matches)
Year: 1905 (1900s)
Authors: Hopkins, A. D. (Andrew Delmar), 1857-1948
Subjects: Mountain pine beetle; Forest insects
Publisher: Washington, D. C. : U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology
Contributing Library: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library
Digitizing Sponsor: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library

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THE BLACK HILLS BEETLE. 13 gallery is distinguished from that of the spruce-destroying beetle by its slender form and more evenly distributed side or brood mines. CHARACTERS OF THE IXFESTED TREES (FIG. 4 AND PL. II). Trees attacked by the Black Hills beetle between July and October will be indicated by the presence of pitch tubes, or sawdust borings, and upon removal of the bark the young broods will be found mining through the inner living layers, or the bark will be entirely killed on the main trunk; but the foliage will remain green, or will be but faintly faded until May and June of the following year, when the leaves on the lower branches will turn yellow and die. This condition will rapidly extend to the topmost leaves, so that by the time the broods of maturing beetles are ready to emerge the foliage is yel- lowish red to light reddish brown in color. This is the stage of death called "sorrel tops." Later in the sum- mer and during the following w inter, after all living ex- amples or tne beetle PlQ 3 _Work of the Black Hills beetle in inner bark o( dead tree. have emerged, the a, primary galleries; 6. larval mines; c, pupal chambers: </. exit holes. foliage is dark T*pH- Reduced about one-half. (Author's illustration ) dish brown, called "red tops." This condition prevails during the second summer after attack; but by the third summer all, or nearly all, of the leaves have fallen, which gives the tops of the dead trees a blackish appearance, called "black tops'" Beginning with freshly attacked trees during the first summer, they are distinguished by the exudation of fresh whitish or reddish pitch forming small masses or tubes on the bark of the main trunk or by the presence of fresh reddish sawdust-like borings lodged in the loose bark and around the base of the tree.
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