File:Stromatoporoid (Traverse Group, Middle Devonian; Sunset Park, Petoskey, Michigan, USA) 3 (49740514338).jpg
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[edit]DescriptionStromatoporoid (Traverse Group, Middle Devonian; Sunset Park, Petoskey, Michigan, USA) 3 (49740514338).jpg |
Stromatoporoid sponge from the Devonian of Michigan, USA. (cross-section view) Sponges are sessile, benthic, filter-feeding organisms. They are not metazoan animals, as they lack organs or tissues - they are called parazoans. Sponges are essentially colonies of cells (the cells can live independently for short periods of time). Most sponges are marine, but some occupy freshwater environments. Sponges construct organic or mineralized, multi-element skeletons. Individual pieces of a sponge skeleton are called spicules. The group first appears in the fossil record in the Neoproterozoic and extends to today, in the Holocene. Some sponges make skeletons composed of opal spicules (SiO2·nH2O - hydrous silica), while others are calcareous (calcite or aragonite) or make spicules of organic material (spongin - a tough, proteinaceous, organic compound). Seen here is a fossil stromatoporoid sponge. They occur in Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks (Ordovician to Cretaceous), but the Mesozoic-aged stromatoporoids may represent a separate group. Stromatoporoids have a layered, calcitic skeleton, usually with small vertical pillars between individual layers (laminations) (click once of twice on the photo to zoom in & see the layers and pillars). The top living surface has small mounds (mamelons) with radiating canals (astrorhizae). Stromatoporoids are similar to a living group of sponges called the sclerosponges - some researchers place the stromatoporoids with the sclerosponges. Stromatoporoids were important components of some Paleozoic and Mesozoic shallow-water reefs. Classification: Animalia, Porifera, Stromatoporoidea Stratigraphy: top beds of the Charlevoix Limestone or the basal beds of the Petoskey Formation, upper Traverse Group, upper Middle Devonian Locality: cliff face at Sunset Park (Waterfront Park), just northeast of downtown Petoskey, southern Emmet County, northwestern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, USA |
Date | |
Source | Stromatoporoid (Traverse Group, Middle Devonian; Sunset Park, Petoskey, Michigan, USA) 3 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/49740514338. It was reviewed on 14 April 2020 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
14 April 2020
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current | 16:51, 14 April 2020 | 3,148 × 1,825 (3.83 MB) | Poldavia (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
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F-number | f/10 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 22:05, 4 April 2020 |
Lens focal length | 9.681 mm |
Width | 4,000 px |
Height | 3,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 16.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 23:16, 5 April 2020 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 22:05, 4 April 2020 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 5.90625 |
APEX aperture | 6.65625 |
APEX exposure bias | −0.66666666666667 |
Maximum land aperture | 3.625 APEX (f/3.51) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash fired, compulsory flash firing, red-eye reduction mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
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Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 19:16, 5 April 2020 |
Unique ID of original document | F061EBE8B08D2636B50EC2B1079834F0 |