File:Striated squeeze-up (Bonito Lava Flow, upper Holocene, erupted from Sunset Crater; San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona, USA) 1 (49125798018).jpg
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[edit]DescriptionStriated squeeze-up (Bonito Lava Flow, upper Holocene, erupted from Sunset Crater; San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona, USA) 1 (49125798018).jpg |
Alkaline olivine basalt in the Holocene of Arizona, USA. This is a basaltic lava flow erupted from the base of Sunset Crater, a cinder cone in Arizona's San Francisco Volcanic Field. Cinder cones are relatively small, steep-sided cones of loose igneous debris. They have few eruptions and a relatively large summit crater. Cinder cones are principally composed of scoria and vesicular basalt. More than 600 eruptive centers - mostly cinder cones - are present in the volcanic field, and date from the Late Miocene to the late Holocene. The largest volcano in the area is San Francisco Mountain, an eroded stratovolcano. Cinder cones in the field have erupted a variety of igneous products, ranging from mafic to felsic to alkaline in composition - most are alkaline basalt. Sunset Crater had an eruption in the late 11th century A.D., variously dated to 1064 or in the 1080s. The eruption involved lava flows and relatively widespread deposition of airfall scoria. This was the most recent activity in the entire San Francisco Volcanic Field. Seen here is the Bonito Lava Flow, which occurs to the west & northwest of Sunset Crater itself. The flow covers an area about 2 to 2.5 kilometers in diameter and ranges in thickness from ~1 to over 30 meters. Flow top morphology ranges from pahoehoe to aa, but is principally slabby pahoehoe to slabby aa. The striated lava is part of a squeeze-up, which involved lava extruding from a fissure that developed in the Bonito Flow. Locality: Sunset Crater National Monument, San Francisco Volcanic Field, Coconino County, north-central Arizona, USA |
Date | |
Source | Striated squeeze-up (Bonito Lava Flow, upper Holocene, erupted from Sunset Crater; San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona, USA) 1 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/49125798018 (archive). It was reviewed on 27 November 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
27 November 2019
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current | 06:51, 27 November 2019 | 3,008 × 2,000 (4.89 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Date and time of data generation | 12:32, 5 September 2007 |
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Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 16.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 02:05, 26 November 2019 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Not defined |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 12:32, 5 September 2007 |
Meaning of each component |
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APEX aperture | 6.643856 |
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Maximum land aperture | 5 APEX (f/5.66) |
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Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
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White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 195 mm |
Scene capture type | Landscape |
Scene control | Low gain up |
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Lens used | 18.0-200.0 mm f/3.5-5.6 |
Date metadata was last modified | 21:05, 25 November 2019 |
Unique ID of original document | 68110EF942D634AA18F73085C68B559A |
IIM version | 24,576 |