File:Sala dei fasti Farnesiani - Villa Farnese - Caprarola, Italy - DSC02386.jpg
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English: Fresco in Villa Farnese - Caprarola, Italy, built by w:Alessandro Farnese (cardinal). Latin inscription: PAULUS III PONTIFEX MAXIMUS CAROLO V IMP(ERATORE) CONTRA LUTHERANOS BELLUM GERENTI ALEXANDRO FARNESIO CARDINALE LEGATO ET OCTAVIO EIUS FRATRE PARMAE ET PLACENTIAE PRINCIPE COPIARUM DUCE MAGNA ITALORUM AUXILLA MITTIT ANNO SALUTIS MDXLVI
("Paul III, Pontifex Maximus, sends reinforcements to Emperor Charles V waging war against the Lutherans (i.e the w:Schmalkaldic League), with Cardinal Legate Alexander Farnese and with his brother Octavius Prince (i.e. Duke) of Parma and Placentia, great leader of the Italian troops (i.e Captain General of the Church). In the Year of Salvation 1546") Backgroundw:Alessandro Farnese (cardinal) and his brother w:Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma were grandsons of Pope Paul III (Alessandro Farnese). Wikipedia (re w:Alessandro Farnese (cardinal)): In 1546, he accompanied the troops sent by the pope to the aid of Charles V against the Schmalkaldic League. Wikipedia (re w:Pope Paul III): Meanwhile, after the peace of Crespy (September 1544), Emperor Charles V (1519–56) began to put down Protestantism by force. Pending the Diet of Worms in 1545, the Emperor concluded a covenant of joint action with the papal legate Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, with Paul III agreeing to aid in the projected war against the German Protestant princes and estates. This prompt acquiescence was probably grounded on personal motives: since the Emperor was preoccupied in Germany, the moment now seemed opportune for the Pope to acquire for his son Pier Luigi the duchies of Parma and Piacenza.[5] Although these belonged to the Papal States, Paul III planned to overcome the reluctance of the cardinals by exchanging these papal duchies for the less valuable domains of Camerino and Nepi. The Emperor agreed, welcoming the prospect of 12,000 infantry, 500 cavalry, and considerable funds from the Pope. In Germany the campaign began in the west, where Archbishop of Cologne Hermann of Wied had converted to Protestantism in 1542. Emperor Charles began open warfare against the Protestant princes, estates, and cities allied in the Schmalkaldic League (see Philip of Hesse). Hermann was excommunicated on 16 April 1546, and was compelled by the Emperor to abdicate in February 1547. By the close of 1546, Charles V had subjugated South Germany. The victory at the Battle of Mühlberg, on 24 April 1547, established his imperial sovereignty everywhere in Germany, and the two leaders of the League were captured. The Emperor declared the Augsburg Interim as a magnanimous compromise with the defeated schismatics. Wikipedia (re w:Schmalkaldic League):After Charles made peace with Francis, he focused on suppressing Protestant resistance within his empire. From 1546 to 1547, in what is known as the Schmalkaldic War, Charles and his allies fought the League over the territories of Ernestine Saxony and Albertine Saxony. Although the League's military forces may have been superior, its leaders were incompetent and unable to agree on any definitive battle plans.[12] Despite the fact that Pope Paul III withdrew his troops from the Imperial forces and halved his subsidy, on 24 April 1547, the imperial forces gathered by Charles routed the League's forces at the Battle of Mühlberg, capturing many leaders, including, most notably, Johann Frederick the Magnanimous. Philip of Hesse tried to negotiate, but the emperor refused, and Philip surrendered in May.[13] In theory, that meant that the residents of thirty different cities were returned to Catholicism, but that was not the case.[1] The battle effectively won the war for Charles; only two cities continued to resist. Many of the princes and key reformers, such as Martin Bucer, fled to England, where they directly influenced the English Reformation. |
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