File:Rock bolts (wall of Wind Cave, Black Hills, South Dakota, USA).jpg
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English: Rock bolts can be used to secure potentially loose rocks in mines. These examples are along a tourist path in Wind Cave, South Dakota. Wind Cave has an extensive and complex maze of passages, of which about 154 miles are currently mapped. The cave is developed in paleokarst zones in the Lower Mississippian Pahasapa Limestone. The cave system doesn't extend up to outcrop areas for the most part - it ends updip and ends downdip. Cave development started during the Pennsylvanian, long before uplift of the Black Hills Dome and the Laramide Orogeny. Pennsylvanian sediments fill some of the paleokarst at Wind Cave. Sometimes, the Pennsylvanian fill has been secondarily removed, resulting in a paleocave.
The modern structure of the Black Hills (= Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks dipping away from a large Precambrian basement core) has played a role in enlarging the Late Paleozoic paleokarst, via mixing of waters. Caves are known to enlarge in mixing zones, where groundwater masses that have different chemistries meet. Mixing has been concentrated at the old paleokarst zones. Wind Cave is named for the strong breeze encountered at the natural entrance, which is a small opening. Locality: Wind Cave National Park, southern Black Hills, southwestern South Dakota, USA |
| Date | |
| Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52919362485/ |
| Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52919362485. It was reviewed on 23 May 2023 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
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| Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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| current | 21:04, 23 May 2023 | | 4,094 × 2,750 (9.46 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by James St. John from https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52919362485/ with UploadWizard |
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