File:Results of the task-based fMRI experiment—local activity during tTIS and HF control stimulation for cognitive enhancement.webp

English: "a, Average BOLD activity in the putamen (top left) and caudate (top right) during tTIS and HF control stimulation (n = 13, one influential point removed based on Cook’s distance). tTIS led to significantly higher activity in the putamen (two-sided pairwise comparisons via estimated marginal means: t(276) = −2.55, P = 0.01, d = −0.41, Tukey adjustment) but not in the caudate. The average BOLD activity in the posterior (bottom left) and anterior (bottom right) putamen during tTIS and HF control stimulation was also studied (n = 14). tTIS led to significantly higher activity in both areas (one-sided ANOVA with Satterthwaite’s approximations: F(1, 299) = 13.47, P = 0.0003, pη2 = 0.04 (small)). The lines indicate the measure of center (mean value across the stimulation condition) and the shaded areas represent standard errors (SEs). b, Voxels showing a trend of linear changes (a one-sided t contrast, uncorrected P = 0.01 at the voxel level, and uncorrected at the cluster level) over time in the striatum during tTIS are shown on the left and during HF control stimulation on the right, on a group level. The sections are ordered from caudal to rostral. Hot colors represent increased activity over time, while cold colors represent decreased activity. The green area indicates the striatum. c, Qualitative characterization of the location of the activity during each of the six blocks during tTIS (top) and HF control stimulation (bottom). Data are shown on a group level, highlighting voxels involved in the task when compared with baseline (a one-sided t contrast, uncorrected P = 0.001 at the voxel level, and uncorrected at the cluster level). The left side corresponds to the early training phase, and the right side corresponds to the later training phase. The shift from the superior to the inferior striatum is consistent with previous observations14,25. The green area indicates the striatum. The color bar indicates the t statistic."