File:RA signaling is required in the prospective ectoderm at the onset of gastrulation to prevent NTC defects.jpg

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Description FIGURE 4. RA signaling is required in the prospective ectoderm at the onset of gastrulation to prevent NTC defects. (A–C) Embryos (Xenopus) were exposed to DEAB (A), 0.5% EtOH (B), or 1.5% EtOH (C), starting at different developmental stages (NF8, 10.25, 11, 14). The frequency of NTC defects was calculated relative to control samples. (D,E) Embryos were treated with 0.5% (D) and 1.5% EtOH (E) to induce NTC defects. RAL (1 µM) was then added at different stages to rescue the reduction in RA levels. (F) Embryos were injected with mRNA encoding the Cyp26a1 enzyme. Injections targeted unilaterally either the prospective neuroectoderm (B-tier) or dorsal mesoderm (C-tier). The injection site was corroborated by the co-injection of FITC-dextran. (G–I) Embryos were injected with cyp26a1 mRNA targeting the prospective anterior neural plate. FITC-dextran was co-injected to label the injection site. At NTC stages (NF19) the embryos were monitored for NTC defect induction, the localization of the NTC defects, and the overlap with the lineage tracer. The orientation of the embryos, the injected side, and the NTD are shown. Sample sizes are shown within each bar. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ****, p < 0.0001; ns, not significant. Brackets denote samples compared, no bracket, sample compared to the control sample.
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Source https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2023.1282273/full Alcohol induces neural tube defects by reducing retinoic acid signaling and promoting neural plate expansion. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 11:1282273. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1282273
Author Edri T, Cohen D, Shabtai Y and Fainsod A
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© 2023 Edri, Cohen, Shabtai and Fainsod. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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current23:29, 8 June 2024Thumbnail for version as of 23:29, 8 June 2024976 × 1,163 (145 KB)Rasbak (talk | contribs){{Information |description=FIGURE 4. RA signaling is required in the prospective ectoderm at the onset of gastrulation to prevent NTC defects. (A–C) Embryos (Xenopus) were exposed to DEAB (A), 0.5% EtOH (B), or 1.5% EtOH (C), starting at different developmental stages (NF8, 10.25, 11, 14). The frequency of NTC defects was calculated relative to control samples. (D,E) Embryos were treated with 0.5% (D) and 1.5% EtOH (E) to induce NTC defects. RAL (1 µM) was then added at different stages to re...

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