File:Probing the effect of hippocampal TI stimulation on behavioral function.webp

English: "a, Comparison of participants’ memory performances during recall between sham (gray) and TI 1:3 (orange) across response type (target, foil and distractor), showing higher probability of target responses, that is, face–name pairs correctly remembered during TI (GLMM, χ2(2) = 6.353, P = 0.0417; post hoc paired t-tests, two-sided, Sham–TI 1:3; Target, P = 0.0068; Foils, P = 0.1418, P = 0.3836). b, Estimated mean accuracy for sham and TI 1:3, as estimated using a mixed-effects logistic regression model for correct and incorrect responses and independent random-effect terms for ‘participant’, ‘session’ and ‘task block’, showing higher odds of correct recall during TI stimulation (logit scale; GLMM, χ2(2) = 5.857, P = 0.0155). c, Comparison of mean accuracy for target selections between recall and re-test (30 min after first recall, for items correctly remembered at recall) for sham and TI 1:3, showing that target selection was higher for TI 1:3 condition at both time points (GLMM, main effect of stimulation, χ2(1) = 7.581, P = 0.006). d, Same as a but for median reaction time (RT), showing no differences between stimulation conditions. e, Same as b but for median RT for target responses, showing no significant difference between recall and re-test or stimulation conditions. f, Same as c but for mean confidence ratings, which were similar between stimulation conditions. g, Blinding effectiveness. Shown are median weighted scores and 95% confidence intervals for TI 1:3 and sham conditions. Participants were asked at four time points during each session (indicated by a Q on the x axis) whether they thought they had stimulation and how confident they were (1 is not confident at all; 10 is extremely confident). The two questions were combined into a weighted score, whereby a ‘yes’ answer was assigned a +1 value and ‘no’ answer a value of −1, which were then multiplied by the confidence rating. Thus, a positive score on the y axis indicates that participants reported having stimulation, and negative score not having stimulation. No significant effects of stimulation; for full statistics, see Supplementary Table 24. In a–f, bar or dot plots show mean and SE, and black dots show individual participant data. Asterisks indicate significant differences between stimulation conditions. For full statistics, see Supplementary Table 16. n = 21 throughout."