File:Precious opal (Berbere Hill, Ethiopia) 59 - 53322018885.jpg
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[edit]DescriptionPrecious opal (Berbere Hill, Ethiopia) 59 - 53322018885.jpg |
English: A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 5900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.
The silicates are the most abundant and chemically complex group of minerals. All silicates have silica as the basis for their chemistry. "Silica" refers to SiO2 chemistry. The fundamental molecular unit of silica is one small silicon atom surrounded by four large oxygen atoms in the shape of a triangular pyramid - this is the silica tetrahedron - SiO4. Each oxygen atom is shared by two silicon atoms, so only half of the four oxygens "belong" to each silicon. The resulting formula for silica is thus SiO2, not SiO4. Opal is hydrous silica (SiO2·nH2O). Technically, opal is not a mineral because it lacks a crystalline structure. Opal is supposed to be called a mineraloid. Opal is made up of extremely tiny spheres called "colloids" that can be seen with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Gem-quality opal, or precious opal, has a wonderful rainbow play of colors (opalescence). This play of color is the result of light being diffracted by planes of voids between large areas of regularly packed, same-sized opal colloids. Different opalescent colors are produced by colloids of differing sizes. If individual colloids are larger than 140 x 10-6 mm in size, purple & blue & green colors are produced. Once colloids get as large as about 240 x 10-6 mm, red color is seen (Carr et al., 1979). Not all opals have the famous play of colors, however. Common opal has a wax-like luster & is often milky whitish with no visible color play at all. Opal is moderately hard (H = 5 to 6), has a white streak, and has conchoidal fracture. Several groups of organisms make skeletons of opaline silica, for example hexactinellid sponges, diatoms, radiolarians, silicoflagellates, and ebridians. Some organisms incorporate opal into their tissues, for example horsetails/scouring rushes and sawgrass. Sometimes, fossils are preserved in opal or precious opal. Locality: attributed to "Berbere Hill", Ethiopia, eastern Africa Photo gallery of opal: www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min=3004 Reference cited: Carr et al. (1979) - Andamooka opal fields: the geology of the precious stones field and the results of the subsidised mining program. Geological Survey of South Australia Department of Mines and Energy Report of Investigations 51. 68 pp. |
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Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/53322018885/ |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/53322018885. It was reviewed on 28 November 2023 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
28 November 2023
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current | 21:16, 28 November 2023 | ![]() | 2,264 × 2,331 (2.41 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by James St. John from https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/53322018885/ with UploadWizard |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 15:32, 8 November 2023 |
Lens focal length | 8.295 mm |
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Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
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Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 18.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 20:57, 9 November 2023 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 15:32, 8 November 2023 |
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Scene capture type | Standard |
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Date metadata was last modified | 15:57, 9 November 2023 |
Unique ID of original document | 1987505BB15DA17D3A4C08BED3FB3E39 |
IIM version | 32,767 |