File:Pons Cestius, Fields of Mars (Campus Martius), Rome (9102114016).jpg
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionPons Cestius, Fields of Mars (Campus Martius), Rome (9102114016).jpg |
The Pons Cestius (Italian: Ponte Cestio, meaning "Cestius' Bridge") is a Roman stone bridge in Rome, Italy, spanning the Tiber to the west of the Tiber Island. The original version of this bridge was built around the 1st century BC (some time between 62 and 27 BC), after the Pons Fabricius, sited on the other side of island. Both the pontes Cestius and Fabricius were long-living bridges; however, whereas the Fabricius remains wholly intact, the Ponte Cestio was partly dismantled in the 19th century, with only some of the ancient structure preserved. The Pons Cestius is the first bridge that reached the right bank of Tiber from the Tiber Island. Whereas the island was long connected with the left bank of the Tiber and the heart of ancient Rome, even before the pons Fabricius, the right bank (Transtiber) remained unconnected until the Cestius was constructed. Several prominent members of the Cestii clan from the 1st century BC are known, but it is uncertain which of them built this bridge. In the 4th century the Pons Cestius was rebuilt by the Emperors Valentinian I, Valens and Gratian and re-dedicated in 370 as the Pons Gratiani. The bridge was rebuilt using tuff and peperino, with a facing of travertine. Some of the rebuilding material came from the demolished porticus of the nearby Theatre of Marcellus. During the building of the walls along the river embankment in 1888–1892, the bridge had to be demolished and rebuilt, as the western channel was widened from 48 to 76 meters. The ancient bridge, which had two small arches, was simply not long enough. A new bridge, with three large arches, was constructed in its stead, with its central arch reusing about two-thirds of the original material. |
Date | |
Source |
Pons Cestius, Fields of Mars (Campus Martius), Rome
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Author | Carole Raddato from FRANKFURT, Germany |
Camera location | 41° 53′ 27.43″ N, 12° 28′ 27.67″ E | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 41.890952; 12.474353 |
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This image, originally posted to Flickr, was reviewed on 14 December 2013 by the administrator or reviewer File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske), who confirmed that it was available on Flickr under the stated license on that date. |
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 15:24, 14 December 2013 | 4,288 × 3,216 (10.88 MB) | File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske) (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr by User:Marcus Cyron |
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Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Image title | OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA |
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Camera manufacturer | OLYMPUS IMAGING CORP. |
Camera model | SP800UZ |
Exposure time | 1/200 sec (0.005) |
F-number | f/5.8 |
ISO speed rating | 50 |
Date and time of data generation | 15:38, 14 February 2013 |
Lens focal length | 10 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 72 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 72 dpi |
Software used | Version 1.0 |
File change date and time | 15:38, 14 February 2013 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Creative program (biased toward depth of field) |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 15:38, 14 February 2013 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 4 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 2.97 APEX (f/2.8) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 0 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 55 mm |
Scene capture type | Landscape |
Scene control | None |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |