File:Oxydactylus wyomingensis fossil camel (Harrison Formation, Lower Miocene; Platte County, Wyoming, USA) 1 (32312306045).jpg
![File:Oxydactylus wyomingensis fossil camel (Harrison Formation, Lower Miocene; Platte County, Wyoming, USA) 1 (32312306045).jpg](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Oxydactylus_wyomingensis_fossil_camel_%28Harrison_Formation%2C_Lower_Miocene%3B_Platte_County%2C_Wyoming%2C_USA%29_1_%2832312306045%29.jpg/800px-Oxydactylus_wyomingensis_fossil_camel_%28Harrison_Formation%2C_Lower_Miocene%3B_Platte_County%2C_Wyoming%2C_USA%29_1_%2832312306045%29.jpg?20191104144303)
Original file (2,382 × 1,778 pixels, file size: 3.4 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
Captions
Captions
Summary
[edit]DescriptionOxydactylus wyomingensis fossil camel (Harrison Formation, Lower Miocene; Platte County, Wyoming, USA) 1 (32312306045).jpg |
Oxydactylus wyomingensis (Loomis, 1936) - fossil camel skeleton from the Miocene of Wyoming, USA. (UW 215, University of Wyoming Geological Museum, Laramie, Wyoming, USA) This species is also known as Gentilicamelus wyomingensis. The skeleton may be a juvenile of Oxydactylus campestris. From museum signage: "Camels originated and evolved in North America. During the middle part of the Tertiary Period they were numerous and extremely diversified. Near the end of the Tertiary, about a million years ago. They migrated to South America and to the Old World where they survive today. In North America they became extinct before the arrival of man." " Tylopoda Camels and their extinct relatives are members of the suborder Tylopoda. The Tylopoda are classified within the order Artiodactyla, the even-toed ungulates. The Artiodactyla are characterized by their astragalus (a bone in the ankle), which has the shape of a double pulley. Besides the Tylopoda, the Artiodactyla include three other suborders: the Suoidea (pigs, peccaries, hippopotamuses plus several extinct groups), the Cetacea (whales and dolphins), and the Ruminantia (cattle, sheep, bison, pronghorns, giraffes, African antelopes, deer, elk, and several extinct groups). In addition, three other groups of artiodactyls (Oreodontoidea, Mixtotheriidae, and Anoplotherioidea) cannot be comfortably classified within any of the four suborders. The suborder Tylopoda includes modern camels, llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicunas (family Camelidae) as well as three extinct families, Xiphodontidae, Oromerycidae, and Protoceratidae. The Protoceratidae are unique among the tylopods because cranial appendages evolved in males. The living tylopods consist of three genera and six species, a shadow of their former diversity. All living tylopods, classified in the Camelidae, are characterized by a long and thin neck, small head, slender muzzle with a cleft upper lip, contracted hindquarters, a three-chambered, ruminating esophagus-stomach complex, and oval rather than round red blood corpuscles. Among mammals, the last character is unique to the living Camelidae. It is not known if extinct tylopod species also possessed the soft anatomy characters seen in the living species. All tylopods, living and extinct, are herbivores. Living tylopods are grazers, subsisting on grasses. They are ruminating herbivores that chew cud. The extinct Xiphodontidae and Oromerycidae were small, primitive browsers with unspecialized dentitions and skeletons. Based on their brachydont (low-crowned) cheek teeth and retracted nasals suggesting a broad moose-like snout, the Protoceratidae may have been browsers on semiaquatic plants. Living tylopods inhabit semiarid to arid plains, deserts, and grasslands. The ability to survive on limited amounts of water is characteristic of living camels, but not of llamas. South American tylopods (llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicunas) are adapted to living at high altitudes. The Xiphodontidae and Oromerycidae probably inhabited forests, a habitat they shared with many other taxa of primitive ungulates. The morphology of the limbs of the Protoceratidae suggests that they were less cursorial and adapted more for bushy habitats rather than open plains. The camel (Camelus) and the llama (Lama) have a running gate called pacing. This is a swinging stride in which the front and hind legs on the same side of the body move together. Pacing is unlike the running gaits of other cursorial mammals, such as the trot of a horse, in which the front and hind legs on opposite diagonals move together. Pacing allows for efficient running using a long stride in open terrain. The pacing gait evolved first in middle Miocene camelids. Trackway evidence supports this suggestion. Selection for the pacing gait appears to coincide with the expansion of grassland habitats in North America. Extinct tylopods show a much wider range of morphology and adaptation than seen in living tylopods. Derived species of teh Protoceratidae evolved cranial appendages on the skull, a convergent character with deer, elk, bison, antelope, and cattle. The cranial appendages were sexually dimorphic. They were probably used for visual display and intraspecific combat. Other extinct tylopods, such as Megatylopus and Titanotylopus, tended toward extremely large size. Still others, such as Aepycamelinae evolved very long legs and necks and may have functioned, ecologically, as giraffe ecomorphs. Living tylopods are also important economically for humans. Their milk and meat is edible, their hair can be spun into thread and woven into cloth, and they can carry both people and goods. " [referring to the skeleton shown above] "A Miocene camel from near Cheyenne, Wyoming. Geologic Range: 23 million years ago (Early Miocene). Geographic Range: High Plains of southeastern Wyoming. Adult Size: About 30 (76.2 cm) at the shoulder. Habitat and Diet: Floodplains. Herbivore (plant eater). Characteristics: This skeleton (UW 215) of Oxydactylus wyomingensis was collected from the lowermost Harrison Formation in Platte County, Wyoming in 1933 by University of Wyoming students J. D. Love and Arthur Peterson. Oxydactylus is characterized by a combination of an elongated neck and limbs in combination with a primitive dentition. Some experts suggest that Oxydactylus represents a grade of evolution rather than a real clade (group of close related species). Compared to Eotylopus reedi, Oxydactylus wyomingensis is larger, has more elongated limbs and neck, and upper incisors that look like canines. There is a missing tooth at the back end of the upper and lower jaws. The missing tooth is the third molar, which does not erupt until late in life, thus indicating that this specimen is juvenile. " Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tylopoda, Camelidae Stratigraphy: lower Harrison Formation, Lower Miocene Locality: several miles southwest of the Harding Ranch on Bear Creek, Platte County, southeastern Wyoming, USA See info. at: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxydactylus" rel="nofollow">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxydactylus</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelid" rel="nofollow">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelid</a> |
Date | |
Source | Oxydactylus wyomingensis fossil camel (Harrison Formation, Lower Miocene; Platte County, Wyoming, USA) 1 |
Author | James St. John |
Licensing
[edit]![w:en:Creative Commons](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CC_some_rights_reserved.svg/90px-CC_some_rights_reserved.svg.png)
![attribution](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cc-by_new_white.svg/24px-Cc-by_new_white.svg.png)
- You are free:
- to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work
- to remix – to adapt the work
- Under the following conditions:
- attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
![]() |
This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/32312306045 (archive). It was reviewed on 4 November 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
4 November 2019
File history
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
current | 14:43, 4 November 2019 | ![]() | 2,382 × 1,778 (3.4 MB) | Ainz Ooal Gown (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
You cannot overwrite this file.
File usage on Commons
There are no pages that use this file.
File usage on other wikis
The following other wikis use this file:
- Usage on en.wikipedia.org
- Usage on it.wikipedia.org
- Usage on nl.wikipedia.org
Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Camera manufacturer | NIKON CORPORATION |
---|---|
Camera model | NIKON D70s |
Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
F-number | f/3.5 |
ISO speed rating | 200 |
Date and time of data generation | 14:45, 7 July 2011 |
Lens focal length | 18 mm |
Width | 3,008 px |
Height | 2,000 px |
Bits per component |
|
Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 13.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 18:33, 14 January 2017 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Not defined |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 14:45, 7 July 2011 |
Meaning of each component |
|
Image compression mode | 4 |
APEX shutter speed | 5.906891 |
APEX aperture | 3.61471 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 3.6 APEX (f/3.48) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash fired, strobe return light detected, auto mode |
DateTime subseconds | 80 |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 80 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 80 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 27 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | None |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
Serial number of camera | 200638ad |
Lens used | 18.0-200.0 mm f/3.5-5.6 |
Date metadata was last modified | 13:33, 14 January 2017 |
Unique ID of original document | 4A216E47C853465A71B9D439F946AD64 |