File:NGC 3021 Hubble.jpg
Original file (1,838 × 2,119 pixels, file size: 1.75 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
Captions
Summary
[edit]DescriptionNGC 3021 Hubble.jpg |
English: Less than 100 years ago scientists didn't know if the universe was coming or going, literally. It even fooled the great mind of Albert Einstein. He assumed the universe must be static. But to keep the universe from collapsing under gravity like a house of cards, Einstein hypothesized there was a repulsive force at work, called the cosmological constant, that counterbalanced gravity's tug. Along came Edwin Hubble in 1923 who found that galaxies were receding from us at a proportional rate, called the Hubble constant, which meant the universe was uniformly expanding, so there was no need to shore it up with any mysterious force from deep space. In measuring how this expansion was expected to slow down over time, 11 years ago, two studies, one led by Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute and the Johns Hopkins University and Brian Schmidt of Mount Stromlo Observatory, and the other by Saul Perlmutter of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, independently discovered dark energy, which seems to behave like Einstein's cosmological constant.
To better characterize dark energy, Riess used Hubble Space Telescope's crisp view (combined with 2003 data from NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, WMAP) to refine the value of the universe's expansion rate to a precision of three percent. That's a big step from 20 years ago when astronomers' estimates for the Hubble constant disagreed by a factor of two. This new value implies that dark energy really is a steady push on the universe as Einstein imagined, rather than something more effervescent (like the early inflationary universe) that changes markedly over time. Data from several HST proposals were used for this science. These include: 9352, 9728, 10189, 10339, and 10802, PI: A. Riess (STScI/JHU). Data specific to observations of NGC 3021 are from HST proposals 10802 and 10497 PI: A. Riess (STScI/JHU). The science team includes: A. Riess (STScI/JHU), L. Macri (Texas A&M University), S. Casertano and M. Sosey (STScI), H. Lampeitl (STScI/University of Portsmouth, UK), H. Ferguson (STScI), A. Filippenko (University of California, Berkeley), S. Jha (Rutgers University), W. Li and R. Chornock (University of California, Berkeley), and D. Sarkar (University of California, Irvine). |
Date | November 2005 - November 2006 |
Source | http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2009/08/image/b/ |
Author | NASA, ESA, and A. Riess (STScI/JHU) |
Permission (Reusing this file) |
HD-HUBBLE |
Licensing
[edit]Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse |
This file is in the public domain in the United States because it was solely created by NASA. NASA copyright policy states that "NASA material is not protected by copyright unless noted". (See Template:PD-USGov, NASA copyright policy page or JPL Image Use Policy.) | ||
Warnings:
|
File history
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
current | 23:42, 31 May 2009 | 1,838 × 2,119 (1.75 MB) | Friendlystar (talk | contribs) | {{Information |Description={{en|1=Less than 100 years ago scientists didn't know if the universe was coming or going, literally. It even fooled the great mind of Albert Einstein. He assumed the universe must be static. But to keep the universe from collap |
You cannot overwrite this file.
File usage on Commons
The following page uses this file:
File usage on other wikis
The following other wikis use this file:
- Usage on ar.wikipedia.org
- Usage on arz.wikipedia.org
- Usage on az.wikipedia.org
- Usage on be.wikipedia.org
- Usage on ce.wikipedia.org
- Usage on diq.wikipedia.org
- Usage on eo.wikipedia.org
- Usage on eu.wikipedia.org
- Usage on fa.wikipedia.org
- Usage on hr.wikipedia.org
- Usage on kk.wikipedia.org
- Usage on lb.wikipedia.org
- Usage on mk.wikipedia.org
- Usage on my.wikipedia.org
- Usage on nl.wikipedia.org
- Usage on pt.wikipedia.org
- Usage on ru.wikipedia.org
- Usage on sh.wikipedia.org
- Usage on sk.wikipedia.org
- Usage on sr.wikipedia.org
- Usage on tr.wikipedia.org
- Usage on tt.wikipedia.org
- Usage on uk.wikipedia.org
- Usage on uz.wikipedia.org
- Usage on www.wikidata.org
Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Width | 1,838 px |
---|---|
Height | 2,119 px |
Bits per component | 8 |
Compression scheme | LZW |
Pixel composition | Black and white (Black is 0) |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 1 |
Horizontal resolution | 72 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 72 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS3 Macintosh |
File change date and time | 10:10, 4 May 2009 |
Color space | Uncalibrated |