File:Modern history; Europe (1904) (14785603333).jpg

Identifier: modernhistoryeur00west (find matches)
Title: Modern history; Europe
Year: 1904 (1900s)
Authors: West, Willis Mason, 1857- (from old catalog)
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Publisher: Boston, Allyn and Bacon
Contributing Library: The Library of Congress
Digitizing Sponsor: Sloan Foundation

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owed; and as arule, each could sow, till, and harvest only when his neighborsdid. Agriculture was extremely crude. Only six or eightbushels of wheat or rye were expected from an acre. Walter Interior View op theUpper Window Shownin Melichope ManorHouse. This view showsthe depth of the wall, —into which, indeed, thestairway is cut. (village) of to-day, as described in Wallaces Russia, or in Leroy-BeaulieusTsars and Russians. 1 Cf. Gibbins Industrial History of England, 21, for a suggestive diagramof such a village and its lands. 42 A NEW SERIES OF DARK AGES, 814-1100. (§36 of Henley, a thirteenth century writer on agriculture, says thatthreefold the seed was an average harvest, and that often aman was lucky to get back his seed corn and as much again.The breed of all farm animals was small. The plow re-quired eight oxen. Carts were few and cumbrous. The dis-tance to the outlying parts of the fields added to the labor ofthe villagers. There was little or no cultivation of root foods:
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One of the Open Fields of the Manor of Lower Heyford, Oxford-shire. This manor now belongs to Corpus Christi College, Oxford. — FromAndrews History of England. potatoes, of course, were unknown; sometimes a few turnipsand cabbages and carrots, rather uneatable varieties probably,were grown in garden plots behind the houses. In the fields/wheat and rye were raised as breadstuffs, barley for the brew-ing of beer, and sometimes peas and beans, commonly forfodder. The most important crop was the wild hay, upon which thecattle had to be fed during the winter. Meadowland was 36) FEUDALISM —VILLAGE LIFE. 43 twice as valuable as plowland. The meadow was fenced forthe hay harvest, but was afterward thrown open for pasture;and usually there was other extensive pasture and wood land,where lord and villagers fattened their cattle and swine. Itwas difficult to carry enough animals through the winter forthe necessary farm work and breeding; those to be used forfood were killed in the fall and s

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