File:Medieval bulla (FindID 583486).jpg
Original file (1,035 × 650 pixels, file size: 509 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
Captions
Summary
[edit]Medieval bulla | |||
---|---|---|---|
Photographer |
Norfolk County Council, Erica Darch, 2014-03-20 13:34:29 |
||
Title |
Medieval bulla |
||
Description |
English: Papal bulla now quartered and severely distorted and cut into a quarter. The name of the issuing pope is uncertain as the surviving element has been bent and dented on the obverse directly where the lettering would have been, only the 'PP' still being legible. The reverse has most of the head of St Peter surviving with the pelleting of the surrounding outer ring, but even this is distorted, Peter's left cheek bulging out. The visible reverse design does indicate that the bulla is of the type with the heads of SS Peter and Paul issued between 1099 (under Paschal I) and 1464 (Pius II). More specifically, the reverse is of a type with more pronounced pelleting not seen until the bull of Alexander III (1159). However, the obverse uses two pellets arranged as a colon ( : ) in front of the PP. This is actually associated with only a limited number of popes between 1159-1464, namely Celestine V, Clement V, Benedict XII, Gregory XI and possibly Clement VII (this does leave a number of very short-lived popes missing, who bullae I have yet to see images of, namely Gregory VIII, Celestine IV, Innocent V, Adrian V and Alexander V). Of those five 'possibles', the 'PP' on the bullae of Celestine V and Clement V are too far away from the pelleted border compared to this present example. Of the remaining three, the configuration looks most similar to the bullae of Benedict XII (1334-42) and apparently clinching this, Benedict's bullae feature the paired dots having a ring-like look and the lower one immediately abuts a pellet from the outer border. If we accept this, then this bull is mid-fourteenth century and is the fourth of this pope to have been found in the Diocese of Norwich.
This object has clearly been deliberately damaged. The quartering may be partly accidental as the top quarter appears to have been torn from the bottom, but the vertical side shows a straight edge, indicating that it had clearly been cut, either along or close to the cord-line running through the bulla. To this we may add the deep, rounded, dents punched into the obverse. Ironically, the surface details are otherwise very well preserved. Weight 15.265g. |
||
Depicted place | (County of findspot) Norfolk | ||
Date |
between 1334 and 1342 date QS:P571,+1350-00-00T00:00:00Z/7,P1319,+1334-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1326,+1342-00-00T00:00:00Z/9 |
||
Accession number |
FindID: 583486 Old ref: NMS-157467 Filename: 2634_157467_MED_Bulla.jpg |
||
Credit line |
|
||
Source |
https://finds.org.uk/database/ajax/download/id/461569 Catalog: https://finds.org.uk/database/images/image/id/461569/recordtype/artefacts archive copy at the Wayback Machine Artefact: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/583486 |
||
Permission (Reusing this file) |
Attribution-ShareAlike License version 4.0 (verified 4 December 2020) |
Licensing
[edit]- You are free:
- to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work
- to remix – to adapt the work
- Under the following conditions:
- attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- share alike – If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same or compatible license as the original.
File history
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
current | 00:45, 25 January 2017 | 1,035 × 650 (509 KB) | Fæ (talk | contribs) | Portable Antiquities Scheme, NMS, FindID: 583486, medieval, page 1887, batch count 3647 |
You cannot overwrite this file.
File usage on Commons
The following page uses this file:
Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Camera manufacturer | NIKON |
---|---|
Camera model | COOLPIX P6000 |
Exposure time | 10/2,717 sec (0.0036805299963195) |
F-number | f/5.8 |
ISO speed rating | 64 |
Date and time of data generation | 18:49, 21 November 2013 |
Lens focal length | 8.1 mm |
Width | 2,322 px |
Height | 1,458 px |
Bits per component |
|
Compression scheme | LZW |
Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Data arrangement | chunky format |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 7.0 Windows |
File change date and time | 13:39, 20 March 2014 |
Exposure Program | Normal program |
Exif version | 2.2 |
Date and time of digitizing | 18:49, 21 November 2013 |
Meaning of each component |
|
Image compression mode | 4 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 2.9 APEX (f/2.73) |
Metering mode | Spot |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Manual white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 0 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 38 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | None |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Image width | 1,035 px |
Image height | 650 px |
Date metadata was last modified | 13:39, 20 March 2014 |
Unique ID of original document | xmp.did:91A3D69E7153E311B767A1A18354F7C2 |
IIM version | 26,831 |