File:Light and lighting (1908) (14765602555).jpg

Identifier: lightlighting13illu (find matches)
Title: Light and lighting
Year: 1908 (1900s)
Authors: Illuminating Engineering Society Association of Public Lighting Engineers (Great Britain)
Subjects: Lighting
Publisher: (London)
Contributing Library: Knox - University of Toronto
Digitizing Sponsor: University of Toronto

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i.e., hanging over the altar. Oil lamps, though never entirely dis-placed, gave way in time to a preponder-ance of candles. Both beeswax and tallowwere used, but wax gave a cleaner lightand burnt slower than tallow. Ure foundan intensity of illumination of 14 to 10in favour of wax per unit of consumption. The Ceremonial use of candles was thesubject of fierce controversy in the FreeChurch from the 2nd century onward,but did not come into general usage untilthe 4th century. It was enforced byPope Gregory in a.d. 590 and confirmedby the Nicean Council in 787, also forvotive purposes. Altar lights were not,however, in use until the 12th century. The Paschal candle was always ofbeeswax, but later all liturgical candleshad to be of the same material, and weresometimes made with broader bases forgreater security on the prickets, or, in thecase of large candles, for standing alone. Lamps.—There are few Christianantiquities in greater abundance than thecheap earthenware lamps, but none date
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Fig. 3. -Terra-cotta Lampssymbols. with Christian earlier than the 4tb century or later thanthe 7th. They are similar to those alreadydescribed, excepting that they bear suchChristian symbols as the cross, the fish, THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEER (jtjly 1920) 203 the palm, and the Constantine mono-gram x The catacombs have yielded hundreds of the circular type, and excava-tions in Syria and Egypt of the butter-boat type, as Fig. 3. Many bronze lampswith well-executed Christian emblemshave also been preserved. Candelabra.—I can only refer to theprincipal types used in churches. Pillar lampstands, as used before theChristian era, were adopted in the Churchfrom the first, and have persisted through-out, for even the 20th century has seensuch additions to St. Pauls Cathedral.During the earlier centuries we find boththe slender (Fig. 2) and massive types,in wood, bronze, and marble, and allbreathing the elegance of Greek art. The seven-branched candlestick afterthe Mosaic pattern (Exod. xxv.

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