File:Les temples monolithes (Mahabalipuram, Inde) (13923883405).jpg
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[edit]DescriptionLes temples monolithes (Mahabalipuram, Inde) (13923883405).jpg |
Vue du temple Sahadeva , un des cinq rathas (temples monolithes) de Mahabalipuram et d'un éléphant également monolithe La morphologie de ce temple est caractérisée par la fusion d'une pyramide à étages, d'une voute en berceau et d'une apside. Il est dédié à Indra. Ces cinq temples monolithes, appelés rathas (chariots), ont été sculptés sous le règne de Narasimhavarman (630-670), de la dynastie des Pallavas à Mahabalipuram en Inde du sud. Un ratha est un chariot en bois destiné à transporter le dieu lors d'une procession, il prend la forme d'un petit temple doté de roues, c'est par analogie que ces temples monolithes ont reçu ce nom bien qu'ils n'aient pas de roues. Ils reproduisent à l'identique dans le rocher les morphologies des temples construits à l'époque dans des matériaux non pérennes et qui ont tous disparu. Cette caractéristique en fait un site essentiel pour comprendre l'évolution de l'architecture dravidienne. Deux temples sont de forme pyramidale sur une base carrée (Arjuna et surtout le Dharmaraja), c'est cette morphologie qui a été retenue dans l'architecture dravidienne ultérieure car elle évoque le mont Meru, la demeure des dieux et répond à la cosmologie hindoue (la cella comme centre rituel rayonnant). Le site de Mahabalipuram est classé par l'UNESCO au patrimoine mondial. À l'époque des Pallavas, la ville était un port en relation avec le Champa (royaume vaincu situé au centre et au sud de l'actuel Vietnam), Bali en Indonésie, le pays khmer (Cambodge), autant de régions qui s'étaient indianisées par le biais des échanges commerciaux. Article de Wikipedia sur Mahabalipuram fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabalipuram |
Date | |
Source | Les temples monolithes (Mahabalipuram, Inde) |
Author | Jean-Pierre Dalbéra from Paris, France |
Camera location | 12° 36′ 28.06″ N, 80° 11′ 20.99″ E | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 12.607794; 80.189163 |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by dalbera at https://www.flickr.com/photos/72746018@N00/13923883405. It was reviewed on 9 December 2014 by FlickreviewR and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
9 December 2014
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current | 21:43, 13 December 2014 | 1,569 × 1,179 (1.54 MB) | Lomita (talk | contribs) | Suppression cadre | |
15:37, 9 December 2014 | 1,600 × 1,200 (1.68 MB) | Medium69 (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via Flickr2Commons |
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Camera manufacturer | SONY |
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Exposure time | 1/1,000 sec (0.001) |
F-number | f/3.5 |
ISO speed rating | 100 |
Date and time of data generation | 09:05, 18 March 2014 |
Lens focal length | 8.78 mm |
Latitude | 12° 36′ 28.06″ N |
Longitude | 80° 11′ 20.99″ E |
Altitude | 221.3 meters above sea level |
Width | 4,896 px |
Height | 3,672 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 12.0 Macintosh |
File change date and time | 15:04, 18 April 2014 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Landscape mode (for landscape photos with the background in focus) |
Exif version | 2.3 |
Date and time of digitizing | 09:05, 18 March 2014 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 9.965784 |
APEX aperture | 3.61471 |
APEX brightness | 9.0328125 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 3.6171875 APEX (f/3.5) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
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Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
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DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 00 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Landscape |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
GPS time (atomic clock) | 03:35 |
Receiver status | Measurement in progress |
Measurement mode | 3-dimensional measurement |
Measurement precision | Poor (1.65) |
Speed unit | Kilometers per hour |
Speed of GPS receiver | 24.876 |
Reference for direction of movement | True direction |
Direction of movement | 160.66 |
Reference for direction of image | Magnetic direction |
Direction of image | 25 |
Geodetic survey data used | WGS-84 |
GPS date | 18 March 2014 |
GPS differential correction | 0 |
GPS tag version | 2.3.0.0 |