File:Large quartz pebble (Black Hand Sandstone, Lower MIssissippian; Hanover, Ohio, USA) 3 (44442283634).jpg
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[edit]DescriptionLarge quartz pebble (Black Hand Sandstone, Lower MIssissippian; Hanover, Ohio, USA) 3 (44442283634).jpg |
Paleopebble from the Mississippian of Ohio, USA. (54 millimeters across at its widest) The Black Hand Sandstone is a prominent, cliff-forming sedimentary unit in the Mississippian of parts of eastern Ohio, USA. The type locality is Black Hand Gorge in Licking County, Ohio, where an American Indian pictograph formerly existed. The "Black Hand" was destroyed long ago by canal builders. The pictograph represented an early "highway sign" that roughly indicated directions to Flint Ridge, where arrowhead-quality flint was quarried. The Black Hand Sandstone consists of horizontally bedded and cross-bedded quartzose sandstones, granulose sandstones, pebbly sandstones, plus minor quartz-pebble conglomerate. Stratigraphically, the unit was traditionally considered as a coarse-grained upper member of the Cuyahoga Formation (Lower Mississippian) and represented a delta deposit. A revised understanding of the Black Hand Sandstone was published in the 2000s by West Virginia geologists. The unit is now understood to be temporally and genetically unrelated to the Cuyahoga Formation, and therefore is no longer considered to be one of its members. The Black Hand Sandstone is currently interpreted as an incised valley fill deposit. The Black Hand Sandstone in parts of Ohio produces some oil and natural gas. Oil drillers refer to the Black Hand as the “Big Injun Sandstone”. The specimen shown here is a large, iron-oxide stained, quartz pebble eroded from the Black Hand. In sedimentology, pebbles are defined as sediment grains between 4 and 64 millimeters in size. The long axis of this sample is 54 millimeters. This is the largest Black Hand paleopebble I've ever observed. Stratigraphy: Black Hand Sandstone, lower Osagean Stage, Lower Mississippian Locality: Hanover, eastern Licking County, eastern Ohio, USA Some references on the Black Hand Sandstone: Ver Steeg, K. 1947. Black Hand sandstone and conglomerate in Ohio. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 58: 703-727. Szmuc, E.J. 1970. The Mississippian System. pp. 23-67 in Guide to the Geology of Northeastern Ohio. Cleveland. Northern Ohio Geological Society. Walker, D.A. 1978. Paleontology and Paleoecology of the Cuyahoga and Logan Formations of Central Ohio. Senior Thesis. Denison University, Granville, Ohio, USA. 9+102+11+(1)+2 pp. 11 pls. Bork, K.B. & R.J. Malcuit. 1981. Cuyahoga and Logan Formations of central and eastern Licking County, Ohio. Ohio Sedimentary Geology III. 21 pp. Kammer, T.W. & D.L. Matchen. 2002. Biostratigraphic constraints on the timing of valley incisement and deposition of the Lower Mississippian Black Hand Sandstone of Ohio. Geological Society American Abstracts with Programs 34(6): 428. Matchen, D.L. & T.W. Kammer. 2002. Reinterpretation of the Black Hand Sandstone (Lower Mississippian) of Ohio as incised valley fill. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 34(6): 277. Matchen, D.L. & T.W. Kammer. 2006. Incised valley fill interpretation for Mississippian Black Hand Sandstone, Appalachian Basin, USA: implications for glacial eustasy at Kinderhookian-Osagean (Tn2-Tn3) boundary. Sedimentary Geology 191: 89-113. |
Date | |
Source | Large quartz pebble (Black Hand Sandstone, Lower MIssissippian; Hanover, Ohio, USA) 3 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/44442283634 (archive). It was reviewed on 7 December 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
7 December 2019
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current | 18:21, 7 December 2019 | 2,393 × 1,697 (2.59 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/40 sec (0.025) |
F-number | f/3.2 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 17:04, 3 October 2018 |
Lens focal length | 7.23 mm |
Image title | |
Width | 4,000 px |
Height | 3,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 13.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 23:00, 6 October 2018 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 17:04, 3 October 2018 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 5.3125 |
APEX aperture | 3.34375 |
APEX exposure bias | −0.66666666666667 |
Maximum land aperture | 3.34375 APEX (f/3.19) |
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Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
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Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
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File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Portrait |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 19:00, 6 October 2018 |
Unique ID of original document | A474E6E1D86BCFFAB271BDD3900B9053 |
IIM version | 32,767 |