File:La Groutte (Cher) (12795824234).jpg
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionLa Groutte (Cher) (12795824234).jpg |
La Groutte (Cher). Oppidum* des Murettes. Ce rempart de terre et de pierres long de 210 mètres et large à sa base d’environ 15 mètres, avec une hauteur moyenne de 3 mètres, encerclait l’extrémité d’un plateau calcaire dominant la vallée du Cher. L’enclos mesurait environ 5 hectares. Les premières traces d’occupation remontent au néolithique (3500 avant JC). L’intérieur du camp est occupé par des habitations, des cultures et le bétail. Le rempart est constitué de terre et de pierres surmonté par une palissade et protégé par un fossé. Le vallum* sera remanié plusieurs fois: A l’âge du bronze, le fossé est comblé avec les matériaux du premier rempart. Un deuxième fossé est creusé à l’avant et un rempart réhaussé est construit avec les matériaux du fossé et le raclage de l’intérieur du camp. Ce rempart est surmonté d’une palissade. Vers les VIIème VIème siècles avant JC (Hallstatt moyen), un mur de pierre sèche renforcé par un noyau de chaux remplace la palissade en bois. Âge du fer final (Tène), le mur est surélevé et un second mur parallèle construit à l’extrieur du premier à environ 6 mètres.
Oppidum* of Murettes. This rampart built with earth and stones, long 210 meters wide at its base and about 15 meters, with an average height of 3 meters, encircling the end of a calcareous plateau that overlooks the valley of the Cher. The enclosure was approximately 5 hectares. The earliest traces of occupation dating back to the Neolithic period (3500 BC). The interior of the camp is occupied by homes, crops and animals. The wall is made of earth and stone topped by a palisade and protected by a moat. The vallum* will be revised repeatedly: In the Bronze Age, the ditch is filled with the materials of the first wall. A second moat is dug at the front and a greater wall is built with the materials of the ditch and scraping the inside of the camp. This wall is surmounted by a palisade. Sixth to seventh centuries BC (Hallstatt), a dry stone wall reinforced with a core of whitewash replaces the wooden palisade. Age of the final iron (Tene), the wall is raised and a second wall built parallel to the outside of the first approximately 6 meters.
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Date | Taken on 23 February 2014, 15:48 |
Source | La Groutte (Cher) |
Author | Daniel Jolivet |
Camera location | 46° 41′ 09.11″ N, 2° 31′ 03.98″ E | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 46.685863; 2.517772 |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by sybarite48 at https://flickr.com/photos/26082117@N07/12795824234 (archive). It was reviewed on 28 November 2017 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
28 November 2017
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current | 14:54, 28 November 2017 | 4,928 × 3,264 (11.9 MB) | Thesupermat2 (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via Flickr2Commons |
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Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Camera manufacturer | PENTAX |
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Camera model | PENTAX K-5 II |
Author | JOLIVET Daniel |
Copyright holder |
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Exposure time | 1/125 sec (0.008) |
F-number | f/8 |
ISO speed rating | 200 |
Date and time of data generation | 15:48, 23 February 2014 |
Lens focal length | 18 mm |
Latitude | 46° 41′ 9.11″ N |
Longitude | 2° 31′ 3.98″ E |
Altitude | 199.9 meters above sea level |
Short title |
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Image title |
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Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 9.0 Macintosh |
File change date and time | 10:36, 26 February 2014 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Shutter priority |
Exif version | 2.3 |
Date and time of digitizing | 15:48, 23 February 2014 |
Meaning of each component |
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APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 27 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Contrast | Hard |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Hard |
Subject distance range | Distant view |
GPS time (atomic clock) | 13:48:30.562 |
Satellites used for measurement | 08 |
Receiver status | Measurement in progress |
Measurement mode | 3-dimensional measurement |
Speed unit | Kilometers per hour |
Speed of GPS receiver | 1.11 |
Reference for direction of movement | True direction |
Direction of movement | 204.08 |
Reference for direction of image | True direction |
Direction of image | 37.74 |
Geodetic survey data used | WGS-84 |
GPS date | 23 February 2014 |
GPS tag version | 2.3.0.0 |
Width | 4,928 px |
Height | 3,264 px |
Pixel composition | RGB |
Number of components | 3 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Image width | 4,928 px |
Image height | 3,264 px |
APEX shutter speed | 6.965784 |
APEX aperture | 6 |
Name of GPS processing method | GPS |
Bits per component |
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Date metadata was last modified | 11:52, 26 February 2014 |
Writer | Jolivet Daniel |
Unique ID of original document | xmp.did:F97F11740720681192B08442A03ACC29 |
Copyright status | Copyright status not set |
IIM version | 2 |