File:LAmou Darya (Khorezm, Ouzbékistan) (5610177169).jpg
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[edit]DescriptionLAmou Darya (Khorezm, Ouzbékistan) (5610177169).jpg |
Français : Le pont de Berouni en construction sur l'Amou Darya (Amou Daria) . A gauche, le pont temporaire de barges.
Long de 1437 Km, le fleuve Amou Darya prend sa source dans l'Hindou Kouch, et traverse les hauts plateaux du Pamir au Tadjikistan avant de se diriger vers la mer d'Aral à travers le désert. Il était en basses-eaux au moment de la prise de la photo en mars 2011. Appelé l'Oxus dans l'Antiquité, il a été traversé en 329 avant J.-C. par l'armée d'Alexandre, le roi de Macédoine, au moment de sa conquête de la Transoxiane (le pays au-delà du fleuve), auquel appartenait la Sogdiane dont Samarcande (appelée Marancanda dans l'Antiquité) était la capitale. L'Amou Darya a de tout temps constitué la frontière des mondes turc (désert de Kyzyl Koum en Ouzbékistan) et persan (désert de Kara Koum au Turkménistan). Il a changé de cours de nombreuses fois dans l'histoire. Son débit a beaucoup baissé depuis un siècle en raison des barrages et des canaux d'irrigation qui ont été créés à l'époque soviétique, en aval du fleuve, pour l'irrigation des champs et en particulier pour la culture du coton dont l'Ouzbékistan est un des grands producteurs mondiaux. L'assèchement de la mer d'Aral et la salinisation croissante des terres du pays sont des conséquences catastrophiques de cette politique d'irrigation mal maitrisée.English: (Google Translate of original french description) The Berouni bridge under construction over the Amu Darya (Amou Darya) . On the left, the temporary barge bridge.
1437 km long, the Amou Darya river has its source in the Hindu Kush, and crosses the high plateaus of the Pamirs in Tajikistan before heading towards the Aral Sea through the desert. It was in low water when the photo was taken in March 2011. Called the Oxus in antiquity, it was crossed in 329 BC by the army of Alexander, king of Macedonia, when he conquered Transoxiana (the land beyond the river ), to which belonged Sogdiana of which Samarkand (called Marancanda in antiquity) was the capital. The Amu Darya has always formed the border between the Turkish (desert of Kyzyl Kum in Uzbekistan) and Persian (desert of Kara Kum in Turkmenistan) worlds. It has changed course many times in history. Its flow has dropped significantly over the past century due to the dams and irrigation canals that were created during the Soviet era, downstream of the river, for the irrigation of fields and in particular for the cultivation of cotton whose Uzbekistan is one of the world's major producers. The drying up of the Aral Sea and the increasing salinization of the country's land are catastrophic consequences of this poorly controlled irrigation policy. |
Date | |
Source | L'Amou Darya (Khorezm, Ouzbékistan) |
Author | Jean-Pierre Dalbéra from Paris, France |
Camera location | 41° 39′ 05.84″ N, 60° 42′ 54.3″ E | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 41.651623; 60.715084 |
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This image, originally posted to Flickr, was reviewed on 15 February 2013 by the administrator or reviewer File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske), who confirmed that it was available on Flickr under the stated license on that date. |
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current | 17:25, 15 February 2013 | 3,447 × 2,298 (3.89 MB) | File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske) (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr by User:russavia |
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Metadata
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Camera manufacturer | NIKON CORPORATION |
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Camera model | NIKON D200 |
Exposure time | 1/4,000 sec (0.00025) |
F-number | f/6.3 |
ISO speed rating | 800 |
Date and time of data generation | 12:53, 19 March 2011 |
Lens focal length | 18 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS4 Windows |
File change date and time | 00:18, 11 April 2011 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Shutter priority |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 12:53, 19 March 2011 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 4 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 3.6 APEX (f/3.48) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire |
DateTime subseconds | 24 |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 24 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 24 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 27 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | Low gain up |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
GPS tag version | 2.2.0.0 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Image width | 3,447 px |
Image height | 2,298 px |
Date metadata was last modified | 02:18, 11 April 2011 |
Unique ID of original document | xmp.did:EBBC12D2BF63E0118057EF9D2B6996E0 |