File:KWK Wujek (8857245291).jpg
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionKWK Wujek (8857245291).jpg |
The name "Wujek" means "uncle" in Polish. Mining operations began in the vicinity as early as the 16th century. The present mine, Oheim, was established in 1899 by a merger of six mining operations existing in Silesia (then a part of Germany). The peak Polish production was in 1979 (3.88 million tons that year). The Pacification of Wujek was a strike-breaking action by the Polish police and army at the Wujek Coal Mine in Katowice, Poland, culminating in the massacre of nine striking miners on December 16, 1981. It was part of a large-scale action aimed to break the Solidarity free trade union after the introduction of martial law in Poland in 1981. The pacification was technically successful; however, in a longer term, it turned out to be a milestone towards the collapse of the authoritarian system in Poland and, ultimately, to the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. It was a site of numerous protests, including by Solidarity activist Anna Walentynowicz who commemorated a plaque to the murdered miners shortly after she left prison at Gołdap. On December 16, three days after the introduction of the martial law in Poland, pro-Solidarity miners striking against the declaration of the martial law by General Wojciech Jaruzelski were dispersed by the troops of the Polish army and police. The forces used in the main thrust against the miners consisted of eight companies of riot police (ZOMO, supported by ORMO (police reservists) and NOMO) with seven water cannons, three companies of military infantry fighting vehicles (each of 10 vehicles) and one company of tanks. The miners repeatedly fought them off with their tools. During the brawl a number of strikers and 41 troops were injured, including 11 severely. In the apex of the events, a commando-type special platoon of ZOMO opened the "shoot to kill" fire at the strikers, killing nine of them (Jan Stawisiński, Joachim Gnida, Józef Czekalski, Krzysztof Giza, Ryszard Gzik, Bogusław Kopczak, Andrzej Pełka, Zbigniew Wilk and Zenon Zając) and wounding 21 others. One of the deaths took place after 20 or more days in hospital with severe head-wounds. The repressions after the pacification included sentencing of three miners to jail terms of three to four years in prison. On June 1, 2007, more than two decades after the incident, 15 former members of the special platoon were sentenced to prison terms for their part in the killings.[1][2] Most of them were sentenced to the terms of 2.5 to three years in prison, except their former platoon commander, Romuald Cieślak, who was sentenced to 11 years in prison. The court however failed to establish who sent the special platoon to Wujek (and thus acquitted the former vice-chief of communist police in Katowice, Marian Okrutny) |
Date | |
Source | KWK Wujek |
Author | b3tarev3 from England |
Camera location | 50° 14′ 42.82″ N, 18° 59′ 30.32″ E | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 50.245228; 18.991756 |
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Licensing
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This work has been released into the public domain by the author on Flickr, where the author has declared it as a "Public Domain Work" and tagged it with the Creative Commons Public Domain Mark.
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by b3tarev3 at https://flickr.com/photos/28310050@N02/8857245291. It was reviewed on 17 May 2021 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the Public Domain Mark. |
17 May 2021
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current | 09:05, 17 May 2021 | 2,136 × 3,216 (3.97 MB) | Sentinel user (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Camera manufacturer | NIKON CORPORATION |
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Camera model | NIKON D90 |
Copyright holder |
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Exposure time | 1/800 sec (0.00125) |
F-number | f/7.1 |
ISO speed rating | 200 |
Date and time of data generation | 06:38, 22 May 2013 |
Lens focal length | 12 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 6.0 Windows |
File change date and time | 20:47, 26 May 2013 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Aperture priority |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 06:38, 22 May 2013 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 2 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 4 APEX (f/4) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Light source | Cloudy weather |
Flash | Flash did not fire |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 00 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 00 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Manual white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 18 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | None |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
GPS tag version | 2.2.0.0 |
Supported Flashpix version | 0 |
Image width | 2,136 px |
Image height | 3,216 px |
Date metadata was last modified | 21:47, 26 May 2013 |
IIM version | 2 |