File:Jupiter Column (Jupitersäule), Museum Schloss Fechenbach, Dieburg, Germany (9349477139).jpg
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[edit]DescriptionJupiter Column (Jupitersäule), Museum Schloss Fechenbach, Dieburg, Germany (9349477139).jpg |
A Jupiter Column (German: Jupitergigantensäule or Jupitersäule) is an archaeological monument belonging to a type widespread in Roman Germania. Such pillars express the religious beliefs of their time. They were erected in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, mostly near Roman settlements or villas in the Germanic provinces. Some examples also occur in Gaul and Britain. The base of the monuments was normally formed by a Viergötterstein (four gods stone), in itself a common monument type, usually depicting Juno, Minerva, Mercury and Hercules. This would support a Wochengötterstein (a carving depicting the personifications of the seven days of the week), which, in turn, supported a column or pillar, normally decorated with a scale pattern. The column was crowned with a statue of Jupiter, usually on horseback, trampling a Giant (usually depicted as a snake). In some cases (e.g. at Walheim), the column capital is decorated with four heads, usually interpreted as depictions of the four times of day (morning, midday, evening, night). The total height of a Jupiter Column is normally around 4 m, but some examples are taller, e.g. a famous example at Mainz with a height of more than 9 m. The columns in Upper Germany normally depict Jupiter defeating a Giant, as described above, and are thus known as Jupitergigantensäulen ("Jupiter-Giant-Columns"). In Lower Germany, Jupiter is normally depicted enthroned without the Giant; those monuments are commonly described simply as Jupitersäulen ("Jupiter Columns"). The pillars were often placed within a walled enclosure and accompanied by an altar. No such monument has survived intact. They are known from excavated finds or from secondary use as spolia, e.g. in Christian churches. Recently, reconstructions of some Jupiter Columns have been erected at or near where they were found, e.g. in Ladenburg, Obernburg, Benningen am Neckar, Sinsheim, Stuttgart, Mainz and near the Saalburg. According to the historian Greg Woolf, the pillars depict the victory of Jupiter Optimus Maximus over the forces of Chaos, the god himself being raised high above the other gods and humankind, but closely linked with them. Woolf sees most such monuments as dedications by individuals. |
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Source |
Jupiter Column (Jupitersäule), Museum Schloss Fechenbach, Dieburg, Germany
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Author | Carole Raddato from FRANKFURT, Germany |
Camera location | 49° 53′ 58.4″ N, 8° 50′ 24.47″ E | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 49.899555; 8.840131 |
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This image, originally posted to Flickr, was reviewed on 13 December 2013 by the administrator or reviewer File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske), who confirmed that it was available on Flickr under the stated license on that date. |
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 22:27, 13 December 2013 | 4,928 × 3,264 (9.63 MB) | File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske) (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr by User:Marcus Cyron |
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Camera manufacturer | NIKON CORPORATION |
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Camera model | NIKON D5100 |
Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
F-number | f/4 |
ISO speed rating | 450 |
Date and time of data generation | 15:27, 18 July 2013 |
Lens focal length | 18 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Ver.1.01 |
File change date and time | 15:27, 18 July 2013 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Not defined |
Exif version | 2.3 |
Date and time of digitizing | 15:27, 18 July 2013 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 4 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 3.6 APEX (f/3.48) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
DateTime subseconds | 80 |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 80 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 80 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 27 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | Low gain up |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
GPS tag version | 2.3.0.0 |