File:Image from page 535 of "Bulletin" (1901).jpg

English: Title: Bulletin

Identifier: bulletin3011907smit Year: 1901 (1900s) Authors: Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology Subjects: Ethnology Publisher: Washington : G. P. O. Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries Digitizing Sponsor: Smithsonian Libraries

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Text Appearing Before Image: PALMETTO house; LOUISIANA INDIANS sail is rigged and fastened outside of this opening to guide the smoke and prevent it from annoying the occupants of the lodge. The entrance passage- way, which usu- ally faces east- ward, is from 6 to 10 ft long and is built in the same manner as the lodge." An important type is the Wichita grass hut, circu- lar, dome-shaped with conical top. The frame is built somewhat L.:^ council houses, for the chief's dwelling, or for structures designed for other official uses. The erection of houses, especially those of a permanent character, was usually attendeci with great ceremony, particu- larly when the time for dedication came. The construction of the Navaho Itogan, for example, was done in accordance with fixed rules, as was the cutting and sewing of the tipi among the Plains tribes, while the new houses erected during the year were usually dedicated with ceremony and feasting. Although the better types of houses were symmetrical and well pro- portioned, their builders had not learned the use of the square or the pluml)-line; the unit of measure was also appar- ently unknown, and even in the best types of ancient Pueblo masonry the joints of the stonework were not "broken." The Indian names for some of their struc- tures, as tipi, wigwam, wicki-

Text Appearing After Image: WINNEBAGO BARK HOUSE; MINNESOTA. (gILFILLAn) in panels formed by ribs and crossbars; these are covered with grass tied on shin- gle fashion. These grass lodges vary in di- ameter from 40 to 50 ft. The early Florida houses, according to Le IMoyne's illustra- tions published by De Bry, were either cir- cular with dome-like roof, or oblong with rounded roof like thoseofSecotanin North Carolina, as shown in John White's fig- ures. The frame was of poles; the sides and roof were covered with bark, or the latter was .sometimesthatched. TheChip- pewa usually constructed a conical or hem- ispherical framework of poles, covered with bark. Formerly caves and rock shelters were used in some sections as abodes, and in the Pueblo region houses were formerly constructed in natural recesses or shelters in the cliffs, whence the designation diff-dn'elJings. Similar habitations are still in use to some extent by theTarahumareof Chihuahua, Mexico. Cavate houses with several rooms were also hewn in thesidesof softvolcanic cliffs; so numerous are these in Verde valley, Ari- zona, and the Jemez plateau, New JNIex- ico, that for miles the cliff face is honey- combed with them. As a rule the women were the builders of the houses where wood was the structural material, but the men assisted with the heavier work. In the Southern states it was a common custom to erect mounds as foundations for w]}, hogan, and iglu, have come into use to a greater or less extent by English-speak- ing people. 'tieQ Adobe, Archeulogi/, Archi- tecture, Cl{tf'-chvclUngs, Earth lodge, Forti- fication aud Defense, Grass lodge, Hogan, Kiva, Mounds, Pueblos, Tipi.

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