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Title: Bulletin Identifier: bulletin3021910smit Year: 1901 (1900s) Authors: Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology Subjects: Ethnology Publisher: Washington : G. P. O. Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries Digitizing Sponsor: Smithsonian Libraries

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Text Appearing Before Image: 992 YAQUINA [B. A. B. the narrative of the expedition in 1531 by Nunc deGuzman (Segunda Rel. Anon., inIcazbalceta,Col. Docs., ii,300-02,1866), in which they are spoken of as related linguistically to the people living on Rio die Fuerte, a relationship that has since been fully confi rmed (see Cahita). Capt. Hurdaide made 3 successive attacks on the tribe (1609-10), the last time with 50 mounted Spaniards and 4,000 Indian allies, but was defeated and forced to re- treat each time. The Yaqui made over- tures of peace, a treaty with the Spaniards was made in 1610, and soon thereafter missionaries began to visit them. Perez de Ribas, a missionary among them be- tween 1624 and 1644, says they were then agriculturists, cultivating not only maize, but also cotton, which they manufactured into cloth, especially mantles. The first serious revolt against the Spaniards oc- curred in 1740, and was brought on, according to Alegre (Hist. Comp. Jesus, III, 273, 1842), by disputes between Span- ish settlers and the missionaries. There was a second outbreak in 1764. The more recent uprisings were in 1825,1832, 1840, 1867, 1885, and 1901. Hrdlicka (Am. Anthr., vi, 61, 1904), who speaks highly of the capabili- ties of the Yaqui, says: "This is the only triljeon the continent that, surrounded by whites from the beginning of their history, have never been fully subdued." Their native dwellings, in which many of them still live, are quadrilateral structures of poles and reeds, or adobes and reeds or brush, with flat or slightly sloping roofs of grassand mud. These aregenerally of fair size, with adjoining shelters where the cooking and the other indoor work is done. Their principal industries are agricul- ture and cattle raising, and the manufac- ture of cotton and woolen stuffs. They also make hats and fine mats of palm leaf and reed baskets, which they sell at Guay- mas. Many of them are employed as la- borers in the fields and mines. A few ornaments, as rings, earrings, and beads, are made from silver and other metals. According to Hrdlicka (op. cit.,68), there is no organization among the Yaqui, ex- cept in that part of the tribe which lives practically free and conducts the revolu- tions; nor do there appear to be any secret societies. Marriage, natal, and mortuary ceremonies are mainly Roman Catholic; the women marry young; the dead are buried in graves. They had a former custom of exchanging wives. Their principal settlements have been Bacum, Belen (with others), Bicam, Co- cori, Huirivis, Potam, Rahun, and Torin. Estimates of the population of the tribe have varied widely at different dates. The earliest guess, that for 1621, was 30,000; Zapata (1678) reported the popu- lation of the 7 principal Yaqui pueblos as 8,116; while in 1760, according to Jesuit accounts, the population of 8 chief settlements was 19,325 (Escudero Not. Estad. Sonora y Sinaloa, ]00, 1849). Es- cudero gives the population in 1849 at 54,000 to 57,000. Stone estimated their number in 1860at 20,000, which Hrdlicka considers approximately correct for 1903. In 1906-7 the Mexican government un- dertook a plan to overcome permanently the hostile Yaqui by deporting them to Tehuantepec and Yucatan, to which parts several thousand accordingly have been sent. Consult Ribas, Hist. Trium. Santa Fee, 1645; Zapata (1678) in Doc. Hist. Mex., 4th s.. Ill, 1857; Escudero, op. cit., 1849; Bancroft, No. Mex. States, 1883; Stone, Notes on the State of Sonora, 1861; Hrdlicka, op. cit., 1904. (f. w. h.) Cinaloa.—Hervas, Cat. Leng., I, 322,1800. Gaqui.— Conklin, Arizoiiii. 341, 1878. Hiaqui.—Orozco y Berra, Geog., 58, 1864. Eyaquez.— Rivora, Diario, leg. 1514,1736. Hyaquin. —Bandelier, Gilded Man, 124, 1893 (Ya- qui or). Hyaquis.— Rivera op. cit., leg. lo,S2. lakim.—Cur- tis, Am. Ind., II, 112, 1908 (Papago na me). Ibequi. — Latham, El. Comp. Philol., 428, 1862. Yaquima. —Castaneda (1596) in T e r n a u x-Com- YAQui WOMEN pans, Voy., ix, 157, 1S38. Yaquimis.— Alegre, Hist. Comp. Jesus, ii, 32, 1841. Yaquina. A small tribe, but the most important division of the Yakonan family (q. v.), formerly living about Yaquina r. and bay, w. Oregon. By the early ex- plorers and writers they were classed with the Salishan tribes to the n., but later were shown to be linguistically inde- pendent. The tribe is now practically extinct. There are a few survivors, for the greater part of mixed blood, on the Siletz res., Oreg. According to Dorsey (Jour. Am. Folk-lore, iii, 229, 1890) the following were villages of the Ya- quina: On the N. side of Yaquina r.: Holukhik, Hunkkhwitik, Iwai, Khais- huk, Khilukh, Kunnupiyu, Kwulai, shauik, Kyaukuhu, Kyuwatkal, Mipshun- tik, Mittsulstik, Shash, Thlalkhaiun- tik, Thlekakhaik, Tkhakiyu, Tshkitshi- auk, Tthilkitik, Ukhwaiksh, Yahal, Yik- khaich. On the s. side of the river: At- shuk, Chulithltiyu, Hakkyaiwal, Hathle- tukhish, Hitshinsuwit, Hiwaitthe, Kaku, Khaiyukkhai, Khitalaitthe, Kholkh, Khulhanshtauk, Kilauutuksh, Kumsuk-

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