File:Ijms-24-00570-g001-550.webp

English: Figure 1. Summary of the molecular mechanisms of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) onset and progression. Several mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of DKD, including metabolic, inflammatory, fibrotic, and hemodynamic factors. These factors comprehensively induce albuminuria and reduce renal function. Finally, DKD patients develop ESKD through a final common pathway (glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and atrophy). ROS, reactive oxygen species; AGEs, advanced glycation end products; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1, interleukin-1; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-16, interleukin-16; IL-18, interleukin-18; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease.