File:Human and ape stem cells and organoids are highly comparable in terms of identity and morphology.jpg

English: "A. RT-PCR shows expression of pluripotency markers (OCT3/4, NANOG, SOX2) and GAPDH loading control in IMR-90, G1 and G2 cell lines. –ve is the water negative control. B. 5-week organoids stained for neural progenitor marker SOX2 (red), dorsal telencephalic/intermediate progenitor marker TBR2 (gray), neuronal markers TUJ1 (human) and HuCD (gorilla, chimpanzee) in yellow, and DAPI (blue) showing human (H9) derived organoids become larger in overall size than gorilla (G1) and chimpanzee (Chmp) organoids. Scale bar: 1mm. C. Immunofluorescent staining of representative 5-week ape organoids for neural progenitor marker SOX2, intermediate progenitor marker TBR2 and DAPI show cortical lobules of similar thickness and relative proportions of cell types. Scale bar: 100 μm. D. Quantification of the area occupied by individual organoids (left) and the perimeter of visible neuroepithelial buds (right) from brightfield images of day 10 organoids generated from all cell lines tested: human (H9, IMR-90), chimpanzee (Chmp), and gorilla (G1, G2), revealing human organoids grow consistently larger than nonhuman ape organoids. Mean organoid area: IMR-90 = 175,708 μm2, G2 = 106,589 μm2; H9, G1, Chmp as reported in Figure 1C. Mean neuroepithelial bud perimeter: IMR-90 = 307 μm, G2 = 211 μm; H9, G1, Chmp as reported in Figure 1C. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test, n (IMR-90) = 15 organoids and 105 neuroepithelial buds from 5 independent batches, n (G2) = 15 organoids and 94 neuroepithelial buds from 5 independent batches, n (H9, G1 and Chmp) = reported in Figure 1C. E. Representative brightfield images of pluripotent stem cells and organoids taken throughout the differentiation protocol. Note the more rounded neuroepithelium observed in day 5 organoids generated from nonhuman ape (Chmp, G1 and G2) cells versus day 5 organoids generated from human (H9, IMR-90) cells. Scale bar: 1 mm. F. Representative immunofluorescence images of the center of whole mount human (IMR-90) and gorilla (G2) day 5 organoids with staining for ZO1 and SOX2 showing polarized neural progenitor cells organized around rounded (gorilla) and more convoluted (human) ZO1 positive apical lumens. Scale bar: 100 μm. G. Quantification of the surface area of the largest apical lumen per day 5 organoid showing calculations for organoids derived from all cell lines tested. The data reveals the same trend of more expanded buds in human versus non-human ape. Mean luminal surface area: IMR-90 = 78,463 μm2; G2 = 27,426 μm2; H9, G1, Chmp as reported in Figure 1F."