File:History and development of Artificial Stones.jpg
![File:History and development of Artificial Stones.jpg](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/History_and_development_of_Artificial_Stones.jpg/800px-History_and_development_of_Artificial_Stones.jpg?20160818080857)
Original file (4,096 × 2,304 pixels, file size: 7.48 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
Captions
Captions
Contents
Summary
[edit]DescriptionHistory and development of Artificial Stones.jpg |
English: Artificial stone is a name for various kinds of synthetic stone products used from the 18th century onward. They have been used in building construction, civil engineering work, and industrial uses such as grindstones.
SummaryOne of the earliest was Lithodipyra (also called Coade stone), a ceramic created by Eleanor Coade (1733–1821), and produced from 1769 to 1833. Later, in 1844, Frederick Ransome created a Patent Siliceous Stone, which comprised sand and powdered flint in an alkaline solution. By heating it in an enclosed high temperature steam boiler the siliceous particles were bound together and could be moulded or worked into filtering slabs, vases, tombstones, decorative architectural work, emery wheels and grindstones. This was followed by Victoria stone, which comprises finely-crushed Mountsorrel (Leicestershire) granite and Portland cement, carefully mixed by machinery in the proportions of three to one and cast in moulds of the required shape. When the blocks are set hard the moulds are loosened and the blocks placed in a solution of silicate of soda for about two weeks for the purpose of indurating and hardening them. Many manufacturers turn out a material that is practically non-porous and is able effectually to resist the corroding influence of sea air or the impure atmosphere of large towns. Most later types of artificial stone have consisted of fine cement concrete placed to set in wooden or iron moulds. It could be made more cheaply and more uniform than natural stone, and was widely used. In engineering projects, it had the advantage that transporting the bulk materials and casting them near the place of use was cheaper than transporting very large pieces of stone. Modern cast stone is an architectural concrete building unit manufactured to simulate natural cut stone, used in unit masonry applications. Cast stone is a masonry product, used as an architectural feature, trim, ornament or facing for buildings or other structures. Cast stone can be made from white and/or grey cements, manufactured or natural sands, carefully selected crushed stone or well graded natural gravels and mineral coloring pigments to achieve the desired colour and appearance while maintaining durable physical properties which exceed most natural cut building stones. Cast stone is an excellent replacement for natural cut limestone, brownstone, sandstone, bluestone, granite, slate, coral rock, travertine and other natural building stones. Engineered stoneEngineered stones are the latest development of artificial stones; it was invented in the early 1980s and has since been continuously developed by the Italian company Breton S.P.A.'s late founder Marcello Toncelli. Engineered stones are a mix of marble powder, resin, and pigment cast using vacuum oscillation to form blocks. Slabs are then produced by cutting, grinding, and polishing. Some factories have developed a special, low-viscosity, high-strength polyester resin to improve hardness, strength, and gloss and to reduce water absorption. There are two major varieties of engineered stones based on the main composition of its aggregates (stone powders), marbles and quartz. The process is more or less similar except in certain details, however the two products have different commercial applications. Another type of artificial stones is the faux stone which is usually available in the form of ready-to-use stone veneers. These veneers provide excellent protective and decorative coating to the walls. Engineered marbles are most commonly used as flooring for large commercial projects. Engineered quartz is widely used in the developed world for counter tops, window sills, and floor and wall coverings. The vast majority of engineered stone companies are located in Greater China, India, and its birthplace in Italy. |
Date | |
Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/fabiuxfabiux/28051943662/ |
Author | Fabio Pani |
Camera location | 45° 27′ 41.46″ N, 10° 34′ 01.53″ E ![]() | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | ![]() |
---|
Licensing
[edit]![]() |
This image was originally posted to Flickr by Fabio Pani at https://flickr.com/photos/138291119@N02/28051943662. It was reviewed on 18 August 2016 by FlickreviewR and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
18 August 2016
![w:en:Creative Commons](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CC_some_rights_reserved.svg/90px-CC_some_rights_reserved.svg.png)
![attribution](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cc-by_new_white.svg/24px-Cc-by_new_white.svg.png)
- You are free:
- to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work
- to remix – to adapt the work
- Under the following conditions:
- attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
File history
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
current | 08:08, 18 August 2016 | ![]() | 4,096 × 2,304 (7.48 MB) | Marynward (talk | contribs) | User created page with UploadWizard |
You cannot overwrite this file.
File usage on Commons
There are no pages that use this file.
Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Camera model | ASUS_Z00LD |
---|---|
Image title | Processed with VSCO with c1 preset |
Copyright holder | Copyright 2016. All right reserved. |
Camera manufacturer | ASUS |
Lens focal length | 3.78 mm |
Date and time of data generation | 17:58, 2 July 2016 |
User comments | d with VSCO with c1 preset |
ISO speed rating | 50 |
Exposure time | 1/772 sec (0.0012953367875648) |
Longitude | 10° 34′ 1.53″ E |
Altitude | 0 meters above sea level |
Latitude | 45° 27′ 41.46″ N |
File change date and time | 08:05, 7 July 2016 |
Y and C positioning | Centered |
Vertical resolution | 72 dpi |
Orientation | Normal |
Software used | VSCO Android Version: v4.0.2 (691) |
Horizontal resolution | 72 dpi |
Color space | sRGB |
Date and time of digitizing | 17:58, 2 July 2016 |
APEX aperture | 2 |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 149795 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 0 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 149795 |
Exposure index | 159 |
Exposure Program | Not defined |
DateTime subseconds | 149795 |
APEX shutter speed | 9.591 |
Metering mode | Average |
Scene control | Low gain up |
Meaning of each component |
|
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Exif version | 2.2 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
APEX brightness | 8.21 |
Sensing method | 0 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
GPS date | 2 July 2016 |
GPS time (atomic clock) | 15:58 |