File:Henderson's Handbook of plants and general horticulture (1890) (20615045638).jpg

Title: Henderson's Handbook of plants and general horticulture
Identifier: cu31924097729663 (find matches)
Year: 1890 (1890s)
Authors: Henderson, Peter, 1822-1890
Subjects: Gardening; Botany
Publisher: New York, P. Henderson & Co.
Contributing Library: Cornell University Library
Digitizing Sponsor: MSN

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526 HENDEESON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS. Measuring Trees, Etc.âThis very simple plan of ascertaining the height of trees, etc., is taken from the Journal of Hortieultwre (London, July, 1888). The tree measurer on the right of the figure consists of a staff six feet long, pointed for pressing Into the ground.. To the centre of .the staff a piece of half-inch board twelve inches wide and exactly square is afBxed with screws. The diagonal cross lath is three feet long and perfectly straight. It may be fixed or movable; if the latter, a small button being screwed on the board for it to rest on when in use. The plumb line is indispensable, as no correct measure-
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ment can be had without it. The plumb- bob may be about the size of a small walnut, the string passing through its centre. In measuring the tree, the staff is placed at a distance from it, so that with the plumb exactly perpendicular the cross lath points to the top of the tree. The person tailing the "sight" resting on one knee or reclining to bring the eye to the bottom of the latli. The lath is then drawn to the ground, where the end rests at Q in the figure, or, if the lath Is fixed, a string will answer the purpose of extending the sight- line to the ground. From this point 0 to the centre of the trunk will represent the actual height of the tree; or to put the matter concisely, the horizontal line A C is equal to the vertical A B. When the ground Is irregular, provision must be made for having the line level from the root of the tree, or A in the figure, to C. The central board must be a true square, the perfectly straight sighting lath resting across it exactly from corner to corner, as the least deviation will lead to error, and the weight must hang positively plumb, other- wise the measurement will not be accurate. Measuring the Width of a River. The ap- proximate breadth of a river or other Btream may be determined by means of the brim of a hat or the peak of a cap, and this can be done by a boy as well as a man. The person desiring to ascertain this fact must place himself at the edge of one bank of the river and lower the brim of his hat, or peak of his cap, tUl he finds the edge just cuts the other bank; then, after placing the hand under the chin, so as to steady his head and keep it in exactly the same position, he must turn round steadily till he faces some level ground on his own side of the river, and observe when the edge of the peak agali meets the ground. The measure of this distance will be.very nearly the breadth of the river. Common and Chemical Names of Various Substances.âAqua fortis is nitric acid. Aqua regia is nitro-murlatic acid. Blue vitriol is sul- phate of copper. Cream of tartar is .bitartrate potassium. Calomel Is chloride of mercury. Chalk is carbonate of calcium. Salt of tartar is carbonate of potassa. Caustic potassa is hy- drate potassium. Chloroform is chloride of formyle. Common salt is chloride of sodium. Copperas, or green vitriol, is sulphate of Iron. Corrosive sublimate is bichloride of mercury. Dry alum is sulphate aluminum and potassium. Epsom salts is sulphate of magnesia. Ethiops mineral is black sulphate of mercury. Fire damp is light oarburetted hydrogen. Galena is sul- phide of lead. Glauber salt Is sulphate of so- dium. Glucose is grape sugar. Goulard water is basic acetate of lead. Iron pyrites is bisul- phide'of iron. Jeweler's putty is oxide of tin. King's yellow is sulphide of arsenic. Laughing gas is protoxide of nitrogen. Lime is oxide of calcium. Lunar caustic is nitrate of silver. Mosaic gold is bisulphide of tin. Muriate of lime is chloride of calcium. Nitrate of salt- petre is nitrate of potash. Oil of vitriol is sul- phuric acid. Potash is oxide of potassium. Bealgar is red sulphuret of arsenic. Bed lead is oxide of lead. Rust of iron is oxide of iron. Sal ammoniac is muriate of ammonia. Slacked lime is.hydrate calcium. Soda is oxide of so- dium. Spirits of hartshorn is ammonia. Spirits of salt is hydrochloride of muriatic acid. Stucco, or plaster of Paris, is sulphate of lime. Sugar of lead is acetate of lead. Verdigris is basic acetate of copper. Vermilion is sulphide of mercury. Vinegar Is acetic acid diluted. Vol- atile alkali is ammonia. Water Is oxide of hydrogen. White precipitate is ammoniated mercury. White vitriol is sulphate of zinc.â Iron. Quantity and 'Weight of Water in Six Feet of Pipe of the Following Diameters: Diameter. a Inch. 1 " . IK " . 2 â¢â¢ . Pounds. 0.05 0 06 2 05 0.24 4.60 0.61 8.18 0.U6 18.41 2.16 Si.U 3.84 Gallons. For double the diameter multiply contents lour times. Weight of Lead Pipes per Foot: Diameter. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. lbs. oz. 1 1 1 8 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 9 7 0 lbs. oz. "i 12 2 11 3 11 4 11 7 00 8 9 lbs. oz. 1^ " ::::::;::::::.:::: 2 00 2 14 IV '« 4 7 IV " S 9 2 - :::::::::;:::..:: 2^ 'â 8 6 10 00 Strength of Rope. A good rope will sustain a weight in pounds equal to the number of the square of the circumference in inches, multi- plied by 200. Thus, a rope three inches in circumference, or one inch in thickness, will sustain 1,800 pounds with safety. 3x3=9X 200=1,800 lbs.

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